The impact of Sirex noctilio in Pinus resinosa and Pinus sylvestris stands in New York and Ontario

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Dodds ◽  
Peter de Groot ◽  
David A. Orwig
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Attack Behavior ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
The Impact

Sirex noctilio Fabricius has a long history as an invasive insect species in pine plantations throughout the Southern Hemisphere and has been recently discovered in North America, where it is uncertain how this insect will behave in pine ecosystems. To assess the impact and attack behavior of S. noctilio, forest surveys and measurements from attacked and unattacked trees were taken in nine Pinus resinosa Ait. and Pinus sylvestris L. plantations in New York, USA, and Ontario, Canada. There was a trend of S. noctilio attacking suppressed trees with smaller live crowns and reduced growth. Some S. noctilio attacks were also found in dominant crown classes but at a lower rate than overtopped or intermediate classes. Sirex noctilio appeared to have more of an impact in P. sylvestris forests, as they attacked more stems (9%–18%) and higher basal area (1.6–5.5 m2/ha) than P. resinosa stands (3%–8% of stems and 0.4–2.4 m2/ha). Dead trees with signs of Siricidae and dead from other causes were also quantified, and in some P. resinosa stands, levels were greater in magnitude than S. noctilio losses. Data from this study suggest that silvicultural treatments should be a key component of integrated pest management plans for S. noctilio.

scholarly journals Arboreal Insects Associated With Herbicide-Stressed Pinus resinosa and Pinus sylvestris Used as Sirex noctilio Trap Trees in New York

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1350-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Dodds ◽  
Kelley E. Zylstra ◽  
Garret D. Dubois ◽  
E. Richard Hoebeke
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Sirex Noctilio

scholarly journals New Silvicultural Treatments for Conifer Peri-Urban Forests Having Broadleaves in the Understory - The First Application in the Peri-Urban of Xanthi in Northeastern Greece

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Milios ◽  
Kyriaki Kitikidou ◽  
Kalliopi Radoglou
Keyword(s):  
Urban Forest ◽  
Urban Forests ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Conifer Forests ◽  
Research Hypothesis ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Selective Approach ◽  
Conifer Trees ◽  
Cutting Intensity

Background and Purpose: In Greece, forest practice did not develop special silvicultural treatments for planted conifer peri-urban forests where broadleaf trees appear as natural regeneration in the understory. The aims of this study are: a) to analyze the new proposed selective silvicultural treatments for the planted peri-urban forest of Xanthi and for analogous planted conifer forests, where broadleaf trees are naturally established in the understory b) to check the research hypothesis that the new selective silvicultural treatments exhibited higher intensity in terms of the basal area of cut trees, compared to that of traditional treatments in the studied peri-urban forest. Materials and Methods: In the traditional treatments, in the pine overstory cuttings, apart from the dead trees, mainly the malformed, damaged, suppressed and intermediate trees were cut. In the lower stories, the goal of the thinning was the more or less uniform distribution of broadleaf trees. In the proposed selective treatments, the main aim of pine cuttings is to release the broadleaf formations growing in the lower stories, while the treatments of the broadleaf trees will be a form of “positive selection” thinning. Plots were established in areas where the two types of treatments were going to be applied. In each plot, tree measurements and a classification of living trees into crown classes took place. After the application of the treatments the characteristics of cut trees were recorded. Results: In the established plots, before the cuttings (and thinning), total basal area was not statistically significantly different between the two types of treatments. In selective treatments, the basal area of all cut trees was statistically significantly higher than that of the results of traditional treatments. In the broadleaf cut trees there were statistical differences in the ratios of dominant, intermediate and suppressed trees between the two silvicultural approaches. Conclusions: The research hypothesis was verified. The intensity of treatments in terms of the basal area of cut trees was higher in the selective approach, compared to the traditional treatments in the Xanthi peri-urban forest. However, the overstory cutting intensity of the selective treatments depends on the spatial distributions and densities of broadleaved and conifer trees. In the broadleaf trees, the different objectives of the two types of treatments resulted in thinning with different qualitative characteristics. The proposed silvicultural treatments will accelerate the conversion of peri-urban conifer forests having an understory of broadleaf trees into broadleaved forests, or into mixed forests of conifers and broadleaf trees.

Sirex species (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and their parasitoids in Pinus sylvestris in eastern North America

2009 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan J. Long ◽  
David W. Williams ◽  
Anne E. Hajek
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
New York State ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
York State ◽  
Sirex Nigricornis ◽  
Percent Parasitism ◽  
Central New York

AbstractSiricids and their parasitoids were reared from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae)) trees infested by Sirex noctilio F. in central New York State. Sirex noctilio accounted for 94.3% of the siricid specimens emerging, totaling 1313 specimens from six trees, with a maximum of 495 from one tree. Of the individuals emerging per tree, 20.6 ± 5.2% were female. Two native siricids, Sirex nigricornis F. and S. edwardsii Brullè, also emerged from trees but in low numbers. Three hymenopteran parasitoid species that attack siricids emerged, totaling 21.8 ± 6.4% parasitism per tree. Ibalia leucospoides ensiger Norton (Ibaliidae) was by far the most abundant parasitoid, at 20.5 ± 6.3% parasitism per tree. The percentage of female S. noctilio emerging was positively correlated with wood diameter, whereas percent parasitism by I. l. ensiger was negatively correlated with wood diameter.

scholarly journals EFICIÊNCIA DE TRATAMENTOS SILVICULTURAIS POR ANELAMENTO NA FLORESTA DO JARI, AMAPÁ

FLORESTA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celso Paulo de Azevedo ◽  
José Natalino Macedo Silva ◽  
Cintia Rodrigues de Souza ◽  
Carlos Roberto Sanquetta
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Important Variation ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Silvicultural Treatment ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Diameter Classes

 O anelamento é um tratamento silvicultural aplicado nas florestas tropicais com o objetivo de manter ou até aumentar a produtividade das espécies exploradas comercialmente para o próximo ciclo de corte. Neste trabalho, analisou-se o efeito de diferentes níveis de exploração e tratamentos silviculturais sobre a dinâmica da floresta remanescente na região do Jari/AP. O tratamento silvicultural foi realizado em 1994, aplicando-se dois tipos de desbaste: desbaste sistemático, com intensidades de redução da área basal original de 30% e 50% e o desbaste seletivo (anelamento com entalhes e aplicação de arboricida). Na aplicação do tratamento, foram aneladas em média 18,3 árvores.ha-1, 2,1 m2.ha-1 de área basal e 25,1 m3.ha-1 de volume, com total de 495 indivíduos anelados (de 93 espécies). A quantidade de árvores mortas em consequência do anelamento variou consideravelmente entre os tratamentos. De maneira geral, o anelamento com a aplicação do arboricida mostrou maior efeito em função da espécie do que com o tamanho das árvores. Espécies com troncos sulcados apresentaram baixa mortalidade. Árvores com diâmetro inferior a 50 cm apresentaram mortalidade de 61 a 90%. Nas classes diamétricas superiores, a taxa de mortalidade foi semelhante, em torno de 69 a 100%.Palavras-chave: Espécies nativas; tratamentos silviculturais; exploração florestal; Amazônia. AbstractEfficiency of silvicultural treatments by girdling in the Jari Forest, Amapá. The girdling is a silvicultural treatment applied in tropical forests in order to maintain or even increase the productivity of commercially exploited species to the next cutting cycle. In this research we analyzed effects of different levels of exploitation and silvicultural treatments on the dynamics of remaining forest in the Jari region/AP. The silvicultural treatment was improved in 1994 and applied to two types of thinning: systematic thinning, with intensities of original basal area reduction of 30% and 50% and selective thinning (with girdling slots and applying arboricida). In the application of treatment it were ringed on average 18.3 trees.ha-1, 2,1 m2.ha-1 of basal area and 25.1 m3.ha-1 of volume, total of 495 treated individuals (93 species). The amount of dead trees as a result of girdling had important variation between treatments. In general, the girdling with application of arboricida presented greater effect in relation to the species than to trees sizes. Species with furrowed trunks presented low mortality. Trees with less than 50 cm of diameter had a mortality rate of 61 to 90 percent. In superior diameter classes the mortality rate was similar, around 69 to 100 percent.Keywords: Native species; silvicultural treatments; forest exploration; Amazonia. 

Spruce decline as a disturbance event in the subalpine forests of the northeastern United States

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Battles ◽  
Timothy J. Fahey
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New England ◽  
Canopy Gaps ◽  
Disturbance Regime ◽  
Subalpine Forests ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Disturbance Processes ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Damage Type ◽  
The Impact

During the last 2 decades red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) trees have died at high rates in the mountains of New York and New England. Given the importance of disturbance in organizing plant communities, the impact of the decline was evaluated in terms of its effect on disturbance processes. The first step was to describe the current disturbance regime in subalpine forests across the region. Canopy gaps were the predominant mode of disturbance. Estimates of gap-phase disturbance in four old-growth sites ranged from 15% to 42% of the total forested area. Gap abundance varied between 19 and 49 gaps/ha. A constant among the sites was that dead spruce trees accounted for more of the gap area than expected considering their abundance in the canopy. In the spruce–fir forest, most gaps were small (<100 m2). Gaps were not shaped like simple geometric figures but rather like irregular polygons. Forty percent of the canopy gaps were created by the death of a single tree; the rest were multitree gaps. Standing dead trees were the most common damage type. It seems that decline of spruce effected a quantitative but not qualitative shift in the disturbance regime.

scholarly journals Restoration of White Pine in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Ostry
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Active Management ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Lake States ◽  
The Impact

White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) (WPBR) was discovered on Ribes L. in New York in 1906, although it was accidentally introduced from Europe on pine (Pinus L.) seedlings. The spread of this destructive fungus has changed the forests in North America. After decades of reduced planting because of the concern over the impact of WPBR, white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is now being restored in the lake states of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. Although the potential for growing white pine is high on many sites, the disappearance of a seed source because of logging and fires means that reestablishment of white pine to these areas will require active management. A series of plantings have been established on three national forests in Minnesota and Michigan to evaluate various silvicultural treatments intended to minimize the incidence of WPBR and to compare the performance of seedlings selected for disease resistance to nonselected planting stock.

scholarly journals Silvicultural Options to Reduce Pine Susceptibility to Attack by a Newly Detected Invasive Species, Sirex noctilio

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Dodds ◽  
Robert R. Cooke ◽  
Daniel W. Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Growing Conditions

Abstract A nonnative woodwasp of Eurasian origin, Sirex noctilio F., was detected recently in Oswego, New York, infesting Scots, red, and white pine. S. noctilio has caused periodic widespread losses of pine timber resources in several Southern Hemisphere countries and may cause significant damage in pure even-aged stands and overstocked plantations in North America. However, stand management and biological control programs have successfully managed S. noctilio populations in other countries and similar programs are being developed for North America. Until the primary biological control agent, Beddingia siricidicola, a parasitic nematode, is established in North America, forest owners will have to rely solely on silvicultural treatments to reduce the susceptibility of at-risk pine stands to S. noctilio attack. Silvicultural treatments including precommercial thinning, promoting optimal growing conditions for pines on a given site, reducing numbers of susceptible hosts, and consistent monitoring of stands are suggested activities to help protect pine stands from invasion by S. noctilio.

Assessing and modeling standing deadwood attributes under alternative silvicultural regimes in the Acadian Forest region of Maine, USA

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1873-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B. Russell ◽  
Laura S. Kenefic ◽  
Aaron R. Weiskittel ◽  
Joshua J. Puhlick ◽  
John C. Brissette
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees ◽  
Modeling Strategy ◽  
Area And Volume

Estimating the amount of standing deadwood in forests is crucial for assessing wildlife habitat and determining carbon stocks. In this analysis, snags (standing dead trees) in various stages of decay were inventoried across eight silvicultural treatments in eastern spruce–fir forests in central Maine nearly 60 years after treatments were initiated. Several modeling strategies were developed to estimate number of snags per hectare in various stages of decay. An unmanaged reference area displayed the highest basal area and volume of snags (5.4 ± 3.1 m2·ha–1 and 29.4 ± 23.6 m3·ha–1, respectively, (mean ± standard deviation)), while the lowest basal area and volume (0.9 ± 1.0 m2·ha–1 and 3.1 ± 5.2 m3·ha–1) were observed in selection system with a 5-year cutting cycle. Models indicated that snag abundance was related to stand density, depth to water table, and the average harvest interval of the treatment. At a fixed stand density, approximately 140% more snags were predicted to occur in treatments with an average harvest interval of 55 compared with 5 years. An index of error reflecting the number of snags found in certain decay classes was reduced by 40% when predictions from count regression models fit with a mixed modeling strategy were used over ordinal regression. Results from these analyses can help to reduce the disparities between observed and modeled snag stocking levels and further our understanding of the relationships between live and standing dead trees inherent to eastern spruce–fir forests.

Roundtable Discussion of the Impact of the 4th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Robyn J. Barst ◽  
Marc Humbert ◽  
Ivan M. Robbins ◽  
Lewis J. Rubin ◽  
Robyn J. Park
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Associate Professor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Maryland School ◽  
The Impact

A discussion among attendees of the 4th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension took place to share “an insider's look” into the current and future research and treatment implications in pulmonary hypertension. Myung H. Park, MD, guest editor of this issue of Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension, Assistant Professor of Medicine and Director, Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Program, Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, moderated the discussion. Participants included Robyn Barst, MD, Professor Emerita, Columbia University, New York; Marc Humbert, MD, PhD, Universite Paris-Sud, French Referal Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, Hopital Antoine-Beclere, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Clamart, France; Ivan Robbins, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Lewis J. Rubin, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego.

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