Short-term changes in Pinus strobus sapling height/diameter ratios following partial release: testing the acclimative stem-form development hypothesis

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric K. Zenner
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Growth Allocation ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Form Development ◽  
Partial Release

Following release, mature trees can acclimatively shift aboveground growth allocation from height to diameter at breast height (DBH) growth to adjust their stem form (reducing height/diameter ratio (HDR)) to better withstand increased wind stress. The purpose of this study was to determine if, over a 6-year period, 7- to 12-year-old eastern white pines ( Pinus strobus L.) also responded to different levels of partial release with (i) stem-form adjustments (reduced HDR) through growth-allocation shifts from height to DBH growth and (ii) lower HDR values (shorter heights) than for unreleased trees of the same DBH (“acclimative stem-form development hypothesis”). Over the 6-year postrelease period, juvenile white pine seedlings exhibited unsynchronized height and DBH growth response patterns that depended on their prerelease height growth. Height growth of faster growing white pines was temporarily reduced. Concurrently, DBH growth was enhanced with increasing release intensity. HDR reductions followed a fairly narrow and predictable trajectory, but HDR values of released trees were not lower than those of unreleased trees of the same DBH after 6 years. Juvenile white pine seedlings appear to maintain a balance among aboveground tree parts to enhance future tree stability, which may be an adaptive trait for moderately shade-tolerant species.

scholarly journals Growth and Injury Patterns of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) Seedlings as Affected by Hardwood Overstory Density and Weeding Treatments

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome A. Krueger ◽  
Klaus J. Puettmann
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Injury Patterns ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Abstract White pine seedlings were underplanted under a range of overstory densities in a hardwood stand in northern Minnesota. Vegetation surrounding seedlings was left untreated (control), weeded annually, or completely removed through monthly weeding. After 4 years, the benefit of weeding woody competition for diameter growth of seedlings was limited to areas with relatively open overstory conditions. Seedling height growth was reduced in areas with higher overstory density, but improved through weeding treatments that removed woody vegetation. The removal of herbaceous vegetation did not improve growth of seedlings in any conditions. Open growing conditions created by overstory removal and weed control resulted in higher incidences of seedling injuries, e.g., through infection by white pine blister rust. Conditions for pine bark adelgids also were enhanced in areas with low overstory densities and weeding treatments. The incidence for white pine weevil seems to follow a similar pattern, although the number of trees infected was minimal. Results show that improving growing conditions through management of the overstory and understory vegetation improves seedling growth rates, but must be balanced with potentially higher incidences of seedling injuries under more open conditions.

scholarly journals Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) Growth Response to Partial Hardwood Overstory Release

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus.J. Puettmann ◽  
Mike R. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Initial Size ◽  
Initial Height ◽  
Partial Release

Abstract We measured the response of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) saplings after partial release of a hardwood overstory on three sites in central Minnesota. Both height and diameter growth increased quickly after release compared to prerelease growth. Diameter growth response was related to prerelease diameter growth, but not to initial size of the sapling (diameter at time of release). On the other hand, height growth response was strongly influenced by the initial height of all trees, but not related to prerelease height growth in the largest saplings (initial heights > 8.76 m). Increased release intensity (i.e., difference between prerelease and postrelease overstory densities) resulted in higher diameter and height growth responses. The height/diameter ratios decreased after release, indicating that stability as well as growth increased after the release. North. J. Appl. For. 17(3):89–94.

Effects of Minesoil Properties on Young White Pine (Pinus strobus) Height Growth

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Andrews ◽  
J. L. Torbert ◽  
J. E. Johnson ◽  
J. A. Burger
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine

Response of Suppressed White Pine Saplings to Release During Shelterwood Cutting

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kelty ◽  
Petya K. Entcheva
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Sprout Growth ◽  
Herbicide Control

Abstract The need for herbicide control of hardwood understories is widely recognized for successful regeneration of white pine, because of the slow height growth of pine seedlings; however, it is often not carried out in the low-investment silviculture frequently practiced in New England. This study examined the ability of suppressed white pine saplings to respond to release following a shelterwood establishment cut where no hardwood control was done. Measurements of regeneration were made 11 yr after cutting in a mature pine-oak stand on a till soil in central Massachusetts. Pine seedlings established after the cut were surpassed in height by hardwood seedling and sprout growth. Older suppressed pine saplings which predated the establishment cut (10 to 38 yr old at the time of the cut, with mean heights of 0.4 to 2.0 m) quickly responded to release and grew to mean heights of 3.8 to 5.1 m 11 yr after cutting; these were within 1.5 m of the height of the tallest hardwoods. Retention of older pine saplings during shelterwood establishment cutting may provide a way of maintaining a white pine component in newly regenerated stands, particularly where herbicide control of hardwood competition is not planned. North. J. Appl. For. 11(1):166-169.

Converting Rhododendron-Laurel Thickets to White Pine with Picloram and Mycorrhizae-Inoculated Seedlings

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Neary ◽  
James E. Douglass ◽  
John L. Ruehle ◽  
Walter Fox
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Rhododendron Maximum ◽  
Pellet Formulation

Abstract A ridge site in the Appalachian highlands of North Carolina was prepared for planting container-grown white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings by treatment with herbicide. A pellet formulation of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) containing 10% acid equivalent was applied in May 1978. Control of rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.), laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.), and other hardwood vegetation was sufficient to allow pine establishment. White pine survival was 96% 18 months after planting. Inoculation of seedlings while still in the greenhouse with the mycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch did not significantly affect seedling survival, total height, seasonal height growth, or basal diameter in the field. Height growth the second growing season after planting 6-month, container-grown stock averaged 5.1 to 7.5 inches. Eighteen months after planting, total seedling height averaged 13.3 inches, with the tallest exceeding 29.1 inches. Both height and diameter growth of white pine seedlings were inversely related to the degree of shading from remaining vegetation.

Effects of radiation from 14CO2 absorbed by Pinus strobus L. seedlings during photosynthesis on their subsequent growth and metabolism

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 919-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Ursino ◽  
V. Slankis ◽  
G. Krotkov
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Effects Of Radiation

Several times during the year, white pine seedlings were placed in a closed system and each plant was permitted to photo-assimilate 400–500 μCi of 14CO2. At various periods of time after photo-assimilation, the fresh weight, apparent photosynthesis, dark respiration, and distribution of absorbed 14C throughout the seedlings were determined. The location and magnitude of depressed growth caused by the radiation from the incorporated 14C varied with the time of year when photo-assimilation occurred.When 14CO2 photo-assimilation occurred in May and June, suppression of growth was the greatest in the new shoots, whereas when photo-assimilation occurred in the fall, the suppression of growth was more pronounced in the roots. Seedlings which photo-assimilated 14CO2 in the fall appeared normal during winter but their buds failed to develop into new shoots the following spring.It is also suggested that a decrease in the rate of apparent photosynthesis may be used as an indicator of radiation damage brought about by the incorporated 14CO2.

White pine in the transition hardwood forest

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 2046-2053 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Hibbs
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Hardwood Forests ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Pine Stands

Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in central New England is found in pure stands and as a component of mixed hardwood -pine stands. In older mixed forests, this pine is emergent over the surrounding hardwood canopy. Owing to the only moderate shade tolerance and initial slow growth rate of pine, there has been frequent speculation about how pine could survive and grow in hardwood forests. Results presented here indicate that successful white pine regeneration is achieved (i) by group reproduction in dense hardwood stands (25 m2∙h−1) where the group acts as a buffer around a central and eventually surviving pine; (ii) by single pine seedlings if hardwood competition is not too severe (18 m2∙h−1); (iii) occasionally by advanced regeneration from a previous stand; and, (iv) in mature forests, by regeneration in larger canopy gaps.

Effects of ozone and acid rain on white pine (Pinus strobus) seedlings grown in five soils. I. Net photosynthesis and growth

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 977-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Reich ◽  
Anna W. Schoettle ◽  
Hans F. Stroo ◽  
John Troiano ◽  
Robert G. Amundson
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Factorial Experiments ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Ozone Treatments

Four replicated factorial experiments were conducted to assess the response of potted white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings to combined acid rain, ozone, and soil treatments. The objectives of the study were to quantify plant response to each pollutant alone and to determine whether the pollutants and edaphic factors interact in affecting physiological processes in white pine. In these studies, seedlings were grown in five forest soils and exposed for 4 months to realistic levels of acid rain and ozone. Acid rain treatments consisted of exposure to simulated rain of pH 5.6, 4.0, 3.5, or 3.0, while ozone treatments consisted of exposure to 0.02, 0.06, 0.10, or 0.14 ppm ozone. Minimal interaction between acid rain and ozone was observed with regard to photosynthesis or growth. Acid rain and soil type had a strong interaction in determining plant response. In general, acid rain caused increased growth and net photosynthesis as a result of nitrogen fertilization from the simulated rain. However, the extent of this response was inversely correlated with the availability of nitrogen in each soil. Ozone treatments caused decreased net photosynthesis in pine seedlings.

Long-term differential stem growth responses in mature eastern white pine following release from competition

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddie Bevilacqua ◽  
David Puttock ◽  
Terence J Blake ◽  
Darwin Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Growth Allocation ◽  
Canopy Position ◽  
Volume Increment

The magnitude and duration of the growth response in residual trees following silvicultural release treatments are measures used to assess the success of silvicultural practices. Eighty-eight eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) trees, representing three different dominance classes, were sampled destructively from stands from a single study site that included areas of both unharvested (control) and silvicultural release treatments. The study area consisted of several pine mixedwood stands with understory white pine growing in association with an overstory of predominantly intolerant hardwoods. Annual height, diameter, basal area, stem and sawtimber volume increment, pattern of stem increment allocation along the bole, stem form, and height–diameter ratio were reconstructed over a postrelease period of 23 years using detailed stem analysis. Within 3 years of release, white pine in all dominance classes showed significant increases in diameter, basal area, and volume increment compared with control trees. Differences in the volume increment between released and control trees varied with canopy position, with emergent trees showing the greatest increased volume growth, followed by dominant and intermediate classes, respectively. A temporary shift in the growth allocation pattern along the bole varied depending on crown class, suggesting a period of growth adjustment during which trees are acclimating to changes in resource availability and wind exposure. The shift in growth allocation contributed to increased stem taper, resulting in decreased form class and height–diameter ratios in the released trees.

Regeneration of Red Oak, White Oak, and White Pine by Underplanting Prior to Canopy Removal in the Virginia Piedmont

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 206-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Tworkoski ◽  
D. W. Smith ◽  
D. J. Parrish
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
White Pine ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Virginia Piedmont ◽  
Canopy Removal ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract Three years after clearfelling and light shelterwood harvests, underplanted white oak (Quercus alba L.), red oak (Q. rubra L.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings were competitive with other vegetation. Survival of oaks remained high (approximately 90%), and height growth increased with canopy removal. During the 3 years, white oak grew 1.2, 4.1, and 13.5 in., and red oak grew 0.6, 6.7, and 23.0 in. under control, shelterwood, and clearfelling, respectively. White pine height growth also responded positively with increased canopy removal (total increments of 11.3, 17.0, and 22.7 in.). After 3 years, total height of underplanted white oak did not differ significantly whether left intact or deliberately pruned back to the root collar prior to canopy removal. Early results indicate that underplanting prior to harvest can be a viable tool for oak stand regeneration. South J. Appl. For. 10:206-210, Nov. 1986.

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