Does formative pruning improve the form of broadleaved trees?

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Kerr ◽  
Geoff Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Avium ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Management Objectives ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
English Oak ◽  
Four Levels

Formative pruning is the pruning of young trees before canopy closure to encourage the development of a single straight stem at least 6 m in height. The use of formative pruning has been widely recommended; however, this guidance lacks a scientific basis. The experiments described here examined the effects of four levels of formative pruning on precanopy closure stands of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), cherry (Prunus avium L.), European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), and English oak (Quercus robur L.). For the faster growing ash and cherry, two prunings were applied over a 3-year period; for the slower growing oak and beech, there were four prunings over 4–6 years. Form and growth were assessed for up to 9 years after the last pruning treatment. A moderate intensity of formative pruning that removed forks and large branches showed some potential to improve the form of oak and beech. However, there were no form improvements for any level of formative pruning applied to ash or cherry. Attempting to produce the quality of timber required by management objectives by minimizing the number of trees planted and applying formative pruning is risky and likely to fail. A more secure way of obtaining quality improvement is to use traditional pruning after a period of canopy closure.

scholarly journals Effect of the density of transplants in reforestation on the morphological quality of the above-ground part of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) six years after planting

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1703-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateřina Houšková ◽  
Oldřich Mauer
Keyword(s):  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Spacing Pattern ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
Plantation Density ◽  
Ground Part

Quality of the above-ground part of European beech planted at different densities and spacing patterns for the purpose of artificial forest regeneration was monitored 3, 4 and 6 years after planting. The initial numbers of beech transplants were 5,000 pcs.ha−1, 10,000 pcs.ha−1, 15,000 pcs.ha−1 and 20,000 pcs.ha−1. The spacing pattern of transplants was either square or rectangular nearly in all variants: 1.4 × 1.4 m, 2 × 1 m, 1 × 1 m, 0.8 × 0.8 m, 1 ×0.65 m, 0.7 × 0.7 m and 1 × 0.5 m. Conclusions following out from the research are as follows: 1. neither the chosen density of transplants nor their spacing pattern had an essential influence on the after-planting loss or damage of trees; 2. through the planting of larger-diameter transplants it is possible to achieve canopy closure more rapidly as well as faster growth of the plantation; these beech plants keep the edge in growth and quality even 6 years after planting; 3. the higher is the beech plantation density, the less individuals occur in such a plantation with inappropriate stem form; 4. beech plants of the worst quality were found on plots with the lowest initial density of transplants (5,000 and 10,000 pcs.ha−1), yet the number of promising trees was sufficient even there. Thus, none of the experimental numbers of transplants per hectare or spacing arrangements of the European beech transplants can be claimed as inappropriate; however, further monitoring of the plots is necessary.

scholarly journals The Effects of Slicing Parameters on Surface Quality of European Beech Wood

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Jankowska ◽  
Paweł Kozakiewicz ◽  
Marcin Zbieć
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Surface Quality ◽  
Wood Surface ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
Pressure Bar

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of flat slicing processes on wood surface characteristics of the European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). The relation between wettability, roughness and machining methods were studied. Two different wood thickness (3.4 and 4.0 mm) and three levels of compression during slicing (67.5 %, 57.5 % and 47.5 % of desired veneer thickness) were used to prepare surfaces prior to testing. The smaller variation of the thickness of thinner veneers was observed. No significant impact of compression on variation of the thickness was found. The contact angle was lower when roughness measured parallel to the grain was higher. The influence of selected compression on roughness of European beech veneers measured perpendicular to the grain was confirmed. This indicated that the influence of the set of machining processes, such as pressure bar setting during slicing, is significant for wooden veneers surface properties.

Competition improves quality-related external stem characteristics of Fagus sylvatica

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1603-1613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Höwler ◽  
Peter Annighöfer ◽  
Christian Ammer ◽  
Dominik Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Competition Intensity ◽  
Timber Quality ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L

Accurate information on the timber quality of hardwoods is often lacking, in particular for standing trees. In situ measurements of timber quality have the potential to improve the economic yield of a stand and may contribute to the optimal timing of a harvest and, in general, to improving forest management. Here, we used terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to assess external timber quality metrics nondestructively. We investigated how competition intensity affected the metrics of 118 European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees. We found that two newly developed TLS-based measures of external stem characteristics (number of bark anomalies per metre and stem non-circularity) were affected by competition intensity, suggesting that regulating competition levels may improve timber quality. Our study confirms empirical findings indicating a positive relationship between competition intensity and timber quality of European beech and offers a new methodology to assess external timber quality measures in the field objectively and nondestructively.

scholarly journals Influence of Moisture Content for Bonding Quality of European Beech and English Oak

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Tomáš Pipíška ◽  
Pavel Král
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Bonding Quality ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
English Oak

This study focused on the comparison of the bonding quality of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and English oak (Quercus robur L.), due to variability of moisture content (MC) in the wood. Hardwood species as a material, often yield a more difficult drying process, which can cause problems between various MC in the process of bonding. Specimens were bonded in two groups of MCs: 10/10% (control) and 6/14%. After reaching the equilibrium MC in standard conditions, specimens were cut into sample dimensions. Afterward the specimens were tested for bonding quality according to the EN 13354. In general, there is increase of the bonding quality for both hardwood species in different MC specimens. Statistically significant increase was notable in oak. With exception of the MUF adhesive, there were statistical difference between control and 6/14% MC group for oak.

SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF POSTGRADUATE TRAINING FOR OFFICER WORKING ETHNIC AFFAIRS USING STATE BUDGET IN THE PERIOD OF 2018 – 2025

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
La Duc Minh ◽  
Nguyen Thi Hao ◽  
Vu Thi Thuy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Postgraduate Training ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
National Defense ◽  
High Quality ◽  
State Budget ◽  
International Integration

Ethnic affairs play an important role in socio of ethnic groups’ solidarity, assurance of security and national defense stability. In -economic development, maintenanceorder to improve the quality of ethnic affairs, it is practical to carry out postgraduate training of officer implementing ethnic affairs using state budget with the aim of encouraging and enhancing officer quality to satisfy high-quality human resource in international integration.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI RAGI Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAN LAMA FERMENTASI TERHADAP KUALITAS CUKA TOMI-TOMI (Flacourtia inermis)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Sandra J Nendissa ◽  
Rachel Breemer ◽  
Nikholaus Melamas
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Four Levels

This objectives of this research were both to study and determine the best level of concentration of yeast Saccharomyces cereviseae and period of fermentation on the quality of tomi-tomi vinegar (Flacourtia inermis). A completely randomized experimental design with two factors of treatment was applied in this research. The first factor was concentration of yeast S. cereviseae having four levels of tretament, i.e.: without the addition of yeast 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g yeast. The second factor was period fermentation with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. The result indicated that the concentration of yeast S. cereviseae 1.5 g and period fermentation 5 week produced a good tomi-tomi vinegar with total acids 51.22%, total dissolved solids 8.35, total sugar 8.07% and pH 5.40.

KARAKTERISTIK FISIK BUBUR INSTAN TERSUBTITUSI TEPUNG PISANG TONGKA LANGIT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-44
Author(s):  
Priscillia Picauly ◽  
Gilian Tetelepta
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
Absorption Index ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Nutrition Value ◽  
Banana Flour ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Four Levels

Instant porridge is sereal-based food that can be combined with fruits so it will contain better nutrition. To improve the nutrition value of instant porridge then substitute of one kind of banana originally from Maluku is Tongka langit banana. A good quality of instant porridge has a high nutrition and a best physical property. This research aims to characterize of the physical properties instant porridge that are substituted by Tongka langit banana flour and the rice flour. The design that is applied is completely randomized design with four levels of treatment in comparing the substitution between Tongka langit banana flour and the rice flour as follow 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. According to the result of this research, the physical characteristic of instant porridge that are substituted by Tongka langit banana flour are bulk density (0.84-0.89 g/mL), water absorption index (3.49-4.05%), and water solubility index (0.02-0.04%).

scholarly journals How Does Radial Growth of Water-Stressed Populations of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Trees Vary under Multiple Drought Events?

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Tamalika Chakraborty ◽  
Albert Reif ◽  
Andreas Matzarakis ◽  
Somidh Saha
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Canopy Openness ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neighborhood Competition

European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees are becoming vulnerable to drought, with a warming climate. Existing studies disagree on how radial growth varies in European beech in response to droughts. We aimed to find the impact of multiple droughts on beech trees’ annual radial growth at their ecological drought limit created by soil water availability in the forest. Besides, we quantified the influence of competition and canopy openness on the mean basal area growth of beech trees. We carried out this study in five near-natural temperate forests in three localities of Germany and Switzerland. We quantified available soil water storage capacity (AWC) in plots laid in the transition zone from oak to beech dominated forests. The plots were classified as ‘dry’ (AWC < 60 mL) and ‘less-dry’ (AWC > 60 mL). We performed dendroecological analyses starting from 1951 in continuous and discontinuous series to study the influence of climatic drought (i.e., precipitation-potential evapotranspiration) on the radial growth of beech trees in dry and less-dry plots. We used observed values for this analysis and did not use interpolated values from interpolated historical records in this study. We selected six drought events to study the resistance, recovery, and resilience of beech trees to drought at a discontinuous level. The radial growth was significantly higher in less-dry plots than dry plots. The increase in drought had reduced tree growth. Frequent climatic drought events resulted in more significant correlations, hence, increased the dependency of tree growth on AWC. We showed that the recovery and resilience to climatic drought were higher in trees in less-dry plots than dry plots, but it was the opposite for resistance. The resistance, recovery, and resilience of the trees were heterogeneous between the events of drought. Mean growth of beech trees (basal area increment) were negatively impacted by neighborhood competition and positively influenced by canopy openness. We emphasized that beech trees growing on soil with low AWC are at higher risk of growth decline. We concluded that changes in soil water conditions even at the microsite level could influence beech trees’ growth in their drought limit under the changing climate. Along with drought, neighborhood competition and lack of light can also reduce beech trees’ growth. This study will enrich the state of knowledge about the ongoing debate on the vulnerability of beech trees to drought in Europe.

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