Germination, penetration, and infection by Arceuthobium americanum on Pinus banksiana

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1914-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Brandt ◽  
Y Hiratsuka ◽  
D J Pluth
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Interannual Variation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Arceuthobium Americanum ◽  
Germination Timing ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
June July

Information on the establishment of Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm. on its host, jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), is required to improve knowledge of this critical development stage and improve pest management. Laboratory and field observations on four populations of A. americanum seeds from Alberta collected in 2000 and 2001 and histological observations on one population were used to determine the timing and histopathology of parasite establishment on jack pine. Seed germination remained near zero until 110 d after placing seeds in storage; germination peaked after 230 d in 2001 and between 230 and 320 d in 2002. Interannual variation in germination timing at study sites was high. Interannual variation in percentage of germination was low, as was variation in percentage of germination from different seed sources. Germinated seeds of each seed source were significantly larger (48%) than seeds that did not germinate. Penetration at the base of spur shoots began during June–August and usually continued until June–July of the next year. The odds of infection when the germinant survived until the second growing season were 26–55 times greater than the odds of infection when the germinant withered in the first growing season. Symptoms of infection usually occurred 13–15 months after germination and were consistent for all seed sources and sites.

scholarly journals Effects of Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum, on Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana, Growth in Manitoba

2004 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brock Epp ◽  
Jacques C. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Arceuthobium Americanum ◽  
Pine Trees

The Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) is an important pathogen of Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Dwarf Mistletoe alters tree form, suppresses growth, and reduces volume and overall wood quality of its host. Stem analysis and a 3-parameter logistic regression model were used to compare the growth of heavily and lightly to non infected Jack Pine trees. At the time of sampling, no significant reduction in diameter at breast height and basal area were observed in heavily infected trees. However, a significant reduction in height and volume and an increase in taper were observed in heavily infected trees. Growth models predicted a 21.1% lower basal area, 23.4% lower height and 42.1% lower volume by age 60 for the high infection group.

Adhesives for seed placement during artificial inoculation of Pinus banksiana seedlings with the dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium americanum

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 1039-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Brandt ◽  
Y Hiratsuka ◽  
D J Pluth
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Polyvinyl Acetate ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Arceuthobium Americanum ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Synthetic Adhesives ◽  
Seed Placement

Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) is a serious pest of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Research investigating factors such as host resistance, influence of host nutrition on infection rates, and effect of temperature and humidity on the life cycle of the pathogen is limited by our ability to consistently infect the host through artificial means. A greenhouse experiment utilizing a completely randomized design with four replicates was conducted to test the effectiveness of three chemical compounds and the natural viscin of the dwarf mistletoe seed to act as adhesives during artificial inoculation of jack pine seedlings. Synthetic adhesives used were anhydrous lanolin (LAN), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), and polyvinyl acetate (PVA). The percentage of infected seedlings was significantly higher with HPC compared with that of PVA, LAN, and the seed's viscin. HPC, as the superior adhesive, and the techniques described should allow consistent production of seedlings infected with dwarf mistletoe for research, regardless of the dwarf mistletoe species involved. Problems encountered during the testing of the adhesives are discussed in relation to the nature of the adhesives and their application.Key words: anhydrous lanolin, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinyl acetate, viscin.

scholarly journals Site Conditions for Jack Pine Seeding

1990 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Chrosciewicz
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Regeneration Potential ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Controlled Burning ◽  
Pine Regeneration

There is a strong relationship between jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) regeneration and the combined site and seedbed conditions at the time of seeding. Both unfavorable and favorable seedbed characteristics, as well as available seed sources, are reviewed by groups of sites, and then optional uses of major seedbed and seeding treatments are discussed in terms of practical considerations. Site groups with regeneration potential ranging from high to low are also indicated. Key words: Pinus banksiana, cutover areas, seedbeds, seed sources, mechanical scarification, controlled burning, seed-tree system, direct seeding, pine regeneration.

Extreme cold temperatures and survival of overwintering and germinated Arceuthobium americanum seeds

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Brandt ◽  
Y Hiratsuka ◽  
D J Pluth
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Arceuthobium Americanum ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Jack Pine Forests ◽  
Extreme Cold

Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) is one of the most damaging pathogens of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in western Canada. Jack pine forests in the colder, more northerly areas, however, are free of dwarf mistletoe, suggesting that the pathogen is limited by low temperature. The effect of extreme cold temperatures on germination rates of overwintering dwarf mistletoe seeds and survival of dwarf mistletoe germinants was evaluated. Germinative ability of overwintering seeds increased with increasing temperatures between –39 and –35 °C, regardless of seed source. Exposure period also strongly influenced germination rates. Exposure to temperatures near –38, –46, or –53 °C for 96 or 144 h was almost always lethal. At –37 °C, germination was greater after 48 h than after 96 h, although it was still significantly lower than in the controls. Temperatures down to –6 °C in late spring did not reduce germinant survival. Overall, these results may explain the absence of dwarf mistletoe from northern areas commonly exposed to periods in winter with minimum temperatures below about –40 °C. These areas are potentially at risk from the pathogen if the climate of Canada's northern interior continues to warm as it has over the last several decades.

Water relations, gas exchange, and early growth rates of outcrossed and selfed Pinus banksiana families

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1618-1623 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Blake ◽  
C. W. Yeatman
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Positive Correlations

Seedlings of six outcrossed jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) families from a diallel cross of jack pine were mainly larger than those of three selfed families at the time they were transplanted to the field in Ontario. Outcrossed families also exhibited a greater absolute and relative (percent) growth in total dry matter at the end of the first growing season. Outcrossed families exhibited a higher net photosynthesis, a lower transpiration rate, and a higher water use efficiency on hot, but not mild, days in mid-August. Stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and net photosynthesis were greater in outcrossed families in September. There were significant, positive correlations between stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and shoot and root growth in August and September. The results suggest that maintenance of a higher stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis until late in the growing season may contribute to the faster growth rates observed in outcrossed families.

False rings in jack pine and black spruce trees from eastern Manitoba as indicators of dry summers

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1722-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Hoffer ◽  
Jacques C. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
False Rings

False rings (FRs) are a tree-ring anomaly that can be used to better understand tree growth and potentially reconstruct past climatic events. The main objective of this study was to explore the association between FRs and climate, especially drought occurrence. Sampling was conducted in Nopiming Provincial Park. Wood cores were extracted from jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in five stands and from co-occurring black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) in three of these stands. After cross-dating, earlywood, latewood, and total ring width were measured on all cores. All FRs were identified, and their position within a tree ring was determined. Both species showed similar radial growth and FR patterns. Jack pine and to a lesser extent black spruce both showed abundant FRs in the juvenile period. Springs with cool and snowy conditions and summers with severe drought were associated with a higher frequency of FRs. These anomalies could be formed partly in response to timing of the start of the growing season and to conditions during that growing season that lead to interruption and subsequent resumption of normal growth. Jack pine radial growth was found to be more sensitive to precipitation, whereas that of black spruce was more sensitive to temperature.

Growth, biomass, and production of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in two Miramichi River, New Brunswick, tributary streams

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1647-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Randall ◽  
U. Paim
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
June July

The production rate of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was estimated at four sites in two tributary streams of the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, during the period September 1976 to October 1978. Annual production ranged between 0.27 and 5.12 g∙m−2∙year−1. Growth was largely restricted to a 4-month period in early summer. Among the four sites, age 0+ salmon attained a mean weight of between 0.95 and 3.50 g by the end of their first growing season (September) and densities in July ranged between 0.3 and 3.1 fry∙m−2∙Age 1+ parr grew to mean weights between 4.95 and 12.45 g by September, and June–July densities ranged between 0.03 and 0.6 parr∙m−2. Marking information indicated that most parr remained in the study sites from July to September, but larger proportions of migrant parr were recorded in October. Production during summer was directly and positively related to initial population densities. Production rates at these sites were lower than most other recorded values for juvenile Atlantic salmon. Biomass of salmon may have been below the carrying capacity of the environment at all four sites.

Life cycle of Arceuthobium americanum on Pinus banksiana based on inoculations in Edmonton, Alberta

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1006-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Arceuthobium Americanum ◽  
Pine Trees

While lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm., is one of the most damaging pests of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in western Canada, no studies have examined the life cycle of this parasite in this pathosystem. Twenty-five jack pine trees in a plantation in Edmonton, Alberta, were inoculated with seeds of A. americanum in the fall of 1998 and 1999; these inoculants were monitored until the dwarf mistletoe plants that arose completed their life cycle. Ninety-two percent of inoculated seeds overwintered on their host. Seventy percent of these seeds germinated, mostly in May. Of these germinants, 69% developed holdfasts. Sixty-eight percent of germinants that developed holdfasts infected their host and produced shoots, primarily between July and August in the second season after inoculation. Of the 56 plants that developed from the 175 inoculations, 34 were pistillate plants and 19 were staminate plants, and 3 immature plants died because the host branch died. Pistillate plants flowered significantly earlier than staminate plants (4.1 vs. 4.7 years). Most pistillate plants produced seed in the fifth year, although one plant produced seed in 4 years. Thus, A. americanum probably has a 5-year life cycle on jack pine.

Photosynthesis of black spruce, jack pine, and trembling aspen after artificially induced frost during the growing season

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Lamontagne ◽  
Hank Margolis ◽  
Francine Bigras
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Monitoring Period

Light-saturated photosynthesis following artificial frosts was monitored for black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). None of the species exposed to -9°C in May or to -6 and -9°C in August recovered within the 23- and 14-day monitoring periods, respectively. Black spruce and jack pine treated at -6°C in May recovered within 5 and 23 days, respectively. Black spruce treated at -3°C in August recovered within 10 days. Frosts were applied to the upper and lower canopies of mature black spruce and jack pine in June and to mature trembling aspen in July. For black spruce, the lower canopy did not recover whereas the upper canopy partially recovered over the 10-day monitoring period. For jack pine and trembling aspen, there were no differences in recovery between canopy levels. Jack pine treated at -5.5°C recovered within the 10-day monitoring period whereas at -8.5°C, it only partially recovered. Although recovery period varied with species, phenological state, and frost temperature, gradual recovery of photosynthesis over 5-21 days seems a reasonable modelling algorithm for boreal tree species when growing season frosts lower than -3°C occur. However, cooling rates in our experiments were greater than those that normally occur in nature.

scholarly journals Effect of site preparation on the nutrient content of non-crop vegetation in a jack pine clear-cut

1997 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 711-714
Author(s):  
Luc C. Duchesne ◽  
Renée Tellier
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
K Concentration

The nutrient (N, P, K, Mg, and Ca) content of the aboveground living non-crop vegetation of a jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) clear-cut in eastern Ontario was investigated for two years after site preparation, which consisted of prescribed burning under different fire intensities and disk trencher scarification. Total plant nutrient content generally followed biomass accumulation with higher levels of plant N, P, Ca, and K in clear-cuts and scarified sites than in burned-over sites. In the first growing season, concentrations of N, P, and K were higher in the vegetation of burned-over plots than in scarified and clear-cut plots. Mg concentrations were greater in burned-over and scarified plots than in the clear-cut plots. Ca concentrations did not differ among the treatments. Concentration of P and K and the total amount of N, P and K in aboveground non-crop vegetation were correlated well with fire intensity at the end of the first growing season whereas only K concentration and quantities were correlated to fire intensity within two years after treatment. Key words: prescribed burning; disk trenching scarification; fire; Pinus banksiana; nutrients

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document