scholarly journals Effects of Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum, on Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana, Growth in Manitoba

2004 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brock Epp ◽  
Jacques C. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Arceuthobium Americanum ◽  
Pine Trees

The Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) is an important pathogen of Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Dwarf Mistletoe alters tree form, suppresses growth, and reduces volume and overall wood quality of its host. Stem analysis and a 3-parameter logistic regression model were used to compare the growth of heavily and lightly to non infected Jack Pine trees. At the time of sampling, no significant reduction in diameter at breast height and basal area were observed in heavily infected trees. However, a significant reduction in height and volume and an increase in taper were observed in heavily infected trees. Growth models predicted a 21.1% lower basal area, 23.4% lower height and 42.1% lower volume by age 60 for the high infection group.

Life cycle of Arceuthobium americanum on Pinus banksiana based on inoculations in Edmonton, Alberta

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1006-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Arceuthobium Americanum ◽  
Pine Trees

While lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm., is one of the most damaging pests of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in western Canada, no studies have examined the life cycle of this parasite in this pathosystem. Twenty-five jack pine trees in a plantation in Edmonton, Alberta, were inoculated with seeds of A. americanum in the fall of 1998 and 1999; these inoculants were monitored until the dwarf mistletoe plants that arose completed their life cycle. Ninety-two percent of inoculated seeds overwintered on their host. Seventy percent of these seeds germinated, mostly in May. Of these germinants, 69% developed holdfasts. Sixty-eight percent of germinants that developed holdfasts infected their host and produced shoots, primarily between July and August in the second season after inoculation. Of the 56 plants that developed from the 175 inoculations, 34 were pistillate plants and 19 were staminate plants, and 3 immature plants died because the host branch died. Pistillate plants flowered significantly earlier than staminate plants (4.1 vs. 4.7 years). Most pistillate plants produced seed in the fifth year, although one plant produced seed in 4 years. Thus, A. americanum probably has a 5-year life cycle on jack pine.

Adhesives for seed placement during artificial inoculation of Pinus banksiana seedlings with the dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium americanum

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 1039-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Brandt ◽  
Y Hiratsuka ◽  
D J Pluth
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Polyvinyl Acetate ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Arceuthobium Americanum ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Synthetic Adhesives ◽  
Seed Placement

Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) is a serious pest of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Research investigating factors such as host resistance, influence of host nutrition on infection rates, and effect of temperature and humidity on the life cycle of the pathogen is limited by our ability to consistently infect the host through artificial means. A greenhouse experiment utilizing a completely randomized design with four replicates was conducted to test the effectiveness of three chemical compounds and the natural viscin of the dwarf mistletoe seed to act as adhesives during artificial inoculation of jack pine seedlings. Synthetic adhesives used were anhydrous lanolin (LAN), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), and polyvinyl acetate (PVA). The percentage of infected seedlings was significantly higher with HPC compared with that of PVA, LAN, and the seed's viscin. HPC, as the superior adhesive, and the techniques described should allow consistent production of seedlings infected with dwarf mistletoe for research, regardless of the dwarf mistletoe species involved. Problems encountered during the testing of the adhesives are discussed in relation to the nature of the adhesives and their application.Key words: anhydrous lanolin, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinyl acetate, viscin.

Extreme cold temperatures and survival of overwintering and germinated Arceuthobium americanum seeds

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Brandt ◽  
Y Hiratsuka ◽  
D J Pluth
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Arceuthobium Americanum ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Jack Pine Forests ◽  
Extreme Cold

Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) is one of the most damaging pathogens of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in western Canada. Jack pine forests in the colder, more northerly areas, however, are free of dwarf mistletoe, suggesting that the pathogen is limited by low temperature. The effect of extreme cold temperatures on germination rates of overwintering dwarf mistletoe seeds and survival of dwarf mistletoe germinants was evaluated. Germinative ability of overwintering seeds increased with increasing temperatures between –39 and –35 °C, regardless of seed source. Exposure period also strongly influenced germination rates. Exposure to temperatures near –38, –46, or –53 °C for 96 or 144 h was almost always lethal. At –37 °C, germination was greater after 48 h than after 96 h, although it was still significantly lower than in the controls. Temperatures down to –6 °C in late spring did not reduce germinant survival. Overall, these results may explain the absence of dwarf mistletoe from northern areas commonly exposed to periods in winter with minimum temperatures below about –40 °C. These areas are potentially at risk from the pathogen if the climate of Canada's northern interior continues to warm as it has over the last several decades.

The influence of jack pine tree and tissue age on the establishment of infection by the jack pine dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-527
Author(s):  
D E Robinson ◽  
D Punter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Seed Removal ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Arceuthobium Americanum

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that infection of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) by jack pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) increases with increasing tree age and decreases with increasing tissue age. One-, 2-, and 3-year-old tissues of 3-, 5-, and 7- year-old jack pines and 1-, 4- and 8-year-old tissues of 12-, 17-, and 22-year-old jack pines in Belair Provincial Forest were inoculated with seed of A. americanum in September of 1992 (year 1) and 1993 (year 2). Overwinter and postwinter seed removal, fungal and insect damage, and infection success were monitored from the time of inoculation to harvesting of inoculated branches. In years 1 and 2, overwinter seed displacement was 12.2 and 30.6%, while postwinter loss was 28.8 and 22.2%, respectively. Seed germination ranged from 14.3 to 38.1% and from 3.1 to 17.5%, respectively, in years 1 and 2. Infection success varied from 2.0 to 35.0% (year 1) and from 0.0 to 13.0% (year 2). Lower mean daily temperatures in January and February (p < 0.001) were hypothesized to have killed more seeds and thereby reduced infection success in year 2. Infection success did not increase with increasing tree age (year 1: p = 0.188; year 2: p = 0.807) in either year of the study. Infection success increased with increasing tissue age in year 1 (p < 0.001) but not in year 2 (p = 0.358). We rejected the hypotheses that susceptibility to infection by A. americanum increases with increasing tree age or decreases with increasing tissue age of jack pine. Infection success appears to be primarily dependent upon seed displacement caused by wind, snow, or rain.Key words: jack pine, dwarf mistletoe, infectivity, juvenile resistance, seed displacement.

scholarly journals Cold hardiness of white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, and lodgepole pine needles during dehardening

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1116-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
Pengxin Lu ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Late Winter

Conifer winter damage results primarily from loss of cold hardiness during unseasonably warm days in late winter and early spring, and such damage may increase in frequency and severity under a warming climate. In this study, the dehardening dynamics of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) were examined in relation to thermal accumulation during artificial dehardening in winter (December) and spring (March) using relative electrolyte leakage and visual assessment of pine needles and spruce shoots. Results indicated that all four species dehardened at a similar rate and to a similar extent, despite considerably different thermal accumulation requirements. Spring dehardening was comparatively faster, with black spruce slightly hardier than the other conifers at the late stage of spring dehardening. The difference, however, was relatively small and did not afford black spruce significant protection during seedling freezing tests prior to budbreak in late March and early May. The dehardening curves and models developed in this study may serve as a tool to predict cold hardiness by temperature and to understand the potential risks of conifer cold injury during warming–freezing events prior to budbreak.

scholarly journals Aerial Applications of Ethylene-Releasing Chemicals Fail to Promote Abscission of Dwarf Mistletoe Aerial Shoots on Jack Pine

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
F. A. Baker ◽  
K. Knowles ◽  
T. R. Meyer ◽  
D. W. French
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe

The ethylene-releasing chemical Cerone was applied in early August to two strands of jack pine infested with the lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe in northwestern Manitoba. Nine weeks after aerial application, Cerone failed to cause appreciable abscission of dwarf mistletoe aerial shoots, while almost 90% of the aerial shoots on branches treated from the ground had abscised. Ground application of Cerone could reduce spread of dwarf mistletoe by limiting seed production. Key Words: Arceuthobium, jack pine, chemical control

AN ANALYSIS OF MEASURES OF DENSITY IN EVEN-AGED BALSAM FIR AND JACK PINE STANDS

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Vezina
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
The One ◽  
Crown Closure

The concept of stand density in relation to thinning is examined and its development over the years is discussed. Present difficulties of objectively measuring stand density are recognized and probable future trends towards the development of better formulae to express stand density are outlined. Researchers should continue to collect information on interrelationships among stand variables. Certain merits accrue from description of stand density in terms of variables, such as crown closure, that can be measured with some precision from aerial photographs. Conversely, valid estimates of crown closure which are often difficult to obtain by means of devices from the ground, could be predicted from stand density. Three stand variables, used as expressions of stand density, were tested in crown closure simple regressions in even-aged, unmanaged stands of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). These are: total number of trees, number of trees 4 inches and up, and basal area per acre. The strongest relationship found was the one where crown closure is compared with basal area; it was stronger for jack pine than for balsam fir. This was explained by differences in tolerance among the two species. The significance of these relationships for the stand development, and the feasibility of using height-and diameter-based indices as measures of growing stock in studies of yield are discussed.

Vegetative and floral development in the pistillate plant of Arceuthobium americanum (lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe): an environmental scanning electron microscopy study of its phenology and shoot organization

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-346
Author(s):  
Dylan J. Ziegler ◽  
Cynthia Ross Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Arceuthobium Americanum ◽  
Female Flowers ◽  
Scanning Electron

Dwarf mistletoes (DM), genus Arceuthobium, are dioecious parasitic flowering plants having prolonged life cycles lasting six years, culminating with explosive discharge of the single seed from the fruit. Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm., the lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe, infects lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchfield) in western North America, compromising the forest economy. Highly reduced flowers appear no later than two years following shoot development, with female flowers appearing and persisting for over two years. Development of the pistillate plant, including initiation of floral growth, has not been fully explored. Here, we used environmental scanning electron microscopy to demark phenological waypoints throughout the pistillate plant’s development. As successive crops of female flowers emerged every year, up to three generations of flowers/fruit could be found on a single shoot in late summer; we used these three generations to delineate specific developmental stages. Vegetative shoots could initiate growth at any time within the growing season, could assume a terminal position, could also adopt sympodial branching, but were never whorled or adventitious. Floral branches, however, could initiate adventitiously from older nodes in a whorled pattern, and could house flowers/fruits of any generation. Vegetative and floral units were structurally homogeneous, suggesting shared developmental pathways.

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