Growth and nutrient dynamics of western hemlock with conventional or exponential greenhouse fertilization and planting in different fertility conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1002-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J Hawkins ◽  
D Burgess ◽  
A K Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Northern Forests ◽  
Outdoor Nursery

In many northern forests, low nutrient availability constrains growth of young trees. We tested the efficacy of exponential nutrient application to load western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings with nutrients to enhance field performance. Seedlings were grown with conventional, constant-rate fertilization (100 mg N·L–1) or with exponentially increasing fertilization at rates of 2% and 3% per day in a greenhouse. Growth and nutrient allocation were characterized. Seedlings from the three greenhouse treatments were then planted in an outdoor nursery experiment for 2 years with NPK fertilizer applied at 10, 25, or 100 mg N·L–1, and in a 3-year field experiment with and without slow-release fertilizer. Seedling height, biomass, and nutrient concentration did not differ greatly among exponential or constant-rate fertilization treatments in the greenhouse. The influence of postplanting fertility, both in the nursery and in the field, outweighed the effect of greenhouse exponential nutrient application. In the outdoor nursery, seedlings from all greenhouse treatments showed increased growth with higher rates of fertilization. In the field, there were no differences in growth among seedlings from the three greenhouse treatments, but fertilization at planting increased growth. The capacity for nutrient loading in container-grown western hemlock was likely exceeded because large quantities of N were applied in all treatments.

Growth ofPseudotsuga menziesiiandTsuga heterophyllaseedlings along a light gradient: resource allocation and morphological acclimation

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 1424-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mailly ◽  
J. P. Kimmins
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Light Gradient ◽  
Relative Light Intensity

Silvicultural alternatives that differ in the degree of overstory removal may create shady environments that will be problematic for the regeneration of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Gradients of light in the field were used to compare mortality, growth, and leaf morphological acclimation of two conifer species of contrasting shade tolerances: Douglas-fir and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.). Results after two growing seasons indicated that Douglas-fir mortality occurred mainly at relative light intensity (RLI) below 20%, while western hemlock mortality was evenly distributed along the light gradient. Height, diameter, and biomass of the planted seedlings increased with increasing light for both species but at different rates, and maximum biomass accumulation always occurred in the open. Douglas-fir allocated more resources to stem biomass than western hemlock, which accumulated more foliage biomass. Increases in specific leaf area for Douglas-fir seedlings occurred at RLI ≤ 0.4 and red/far red (R/FR) ratio ≤ 0.6, which appear to be the minimal optimum light levels for growth. Conversely, western hemlock seedlings adjusted their leaf morphology in a more regular pattern, and changes were less pronounced at low light levels. These results, along with early mortality results for Douglas-fir, suggest that the most successful way to artificially regenerate this species may be by allowing at least 20% of RLI for ensuring survival and at least 40% RLI for optimum growth. Key words: light, light quality, leaf morphology, acclimation.

TOXICITY OF SMOKE FROM SPOROPHORES OF THE INDIAN PAINT FUNGUS AND WOOD FROM WESTERN HEMLOCK TO YELLOWFEVER MOSQUITOES

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (12) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115
Author(s):  
W.P.L. Osborn ◽  
J.H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Smoke Water

AbstractTo mitigate the effects of mosquitoes, settlers in the Revelstoke area of British Columbia reportedly burned the sporophores of the Indian paint fungus, Echinodontium tinctorium (Ell. & Ev.) Ell. & Ev., a pathogen of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and true firs, Abies spp. Larval and adult yellowfever mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L.), were exposed to aqueous extracts of smoke (smoke-waters) from E. tinctorium sporophores, and from western hemlock sapwood and heartwood. Smoke-waters were of approximately equal toxicity to larvae. Fungus smoke-water, but not sapwood or heartwood smoke-waters, lost 50% of its potency in 5 months. Vapors from fungus smoke-water were significantly more toxic to adult mosquitoes than those from sapwood or heartwood. Thus smoke from E. tinctorium sporophores and T. heterophylla wood apparently contain different water-soluble combustion products toxic to A. aegypti.

Genotype × shade effects for western hemlock

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1496-1501
Author(s):  
G R Johnson ◽  
C Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Different Levels

Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) families were grown under different levels of shade for 2 or 3 years at two nursery sites to determine whether families performed differently relative to one another in the different shade environments. Differences were found both for levels of shade and families, but no family × shade interaction was found. Results suggest that families selected in full-sun environments (clearcuts or farm fields) may be well suited for use in silvicultural systems where seedlings are planted in understory conditions.

Survival dynamics of mechanically topped Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) snags in Douglas-fir plantations, Oregon, USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 433 ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Hane ◽  
Andrew J. Kroll ◽  
Aaron Springford ◽  
Jack Giovanini ◽  
Mike Rochelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock

A SAMPLING SYSTEM FOR EGGS OF WESTERN BLACKHEADED BUDWORM, ACLERIS GLOVERANA (WALSINGHAM) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), ON WESTERN HEMLOCK, TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA (RAF.) SARG.

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.F. Shepherd ◽  
T.G. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Sampling ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Egg Density ◽  
Branch Weight ◽  
Branch Size ◽  
Criteria For Selection

AbstractEggs of western blackheaded budworm, Acleris gloverana (Walsingham), are laid on the lower surface of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., needles. A comparison was made of the following measures of sample branch size as a basis for expressing egg density: fresh branch weight, branch area, total twig length, branch volume, and number of buds. The criteria for selection of these measures were as follows: correlations of branch size with dry needle weight, variances of egg density and their relative contribution to sample size, and ease of measurement. Fresh branch weight was the best choice. A sequential sampling system was developed on this basis and was related to a scale of predicted defoliation. In addition, a transformation was provided for use in data analysis.

STUDIES IN FOREST PATHOLOGY: VII. DECAY IN WESTERN HEMLOCK AND FIR IN THE FRANKLIN RIVER AREA, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1949 ◽  
Vol 27c (6) ◽  
pp. 312-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Buckland ◽  
R. E. Foster ◽  
V. J. Nordin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Forest Pathology ◽  
Abies Amabilis ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Juan De Fuca

An investigation of decay in western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and fir (mainly Abies amabilis (Loud.) Forb.) in the Juan de Fuca forest region of British Columbia has shown that the major organisms causing root and butt rots are the same in both species. These are Poria subacida (Peck) Sacc., Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke., Armillaria mellea Vahl ex Fr., Polyporus sulphureus Bull. ex Fr., and P. circinatus Fr. Those organisms causing trunk rots of western hemlock, in decreasing order of importance, are Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Cke., F. Pini (Thore) Lloyd, Stereum abietinum Pers., Fomes Hartigii (Allesch.) Sacc. and Trav., and Hydnum sp. (H. abietis). These same organisms causing trunk rots of fir, in decreasing order of importance, are Fomes pinicola, Stereum abietinum, Hydnum sp. (H. abietis), Fomes Pini, and Fomes Hartigii. The logs of 963 western hemlock were analyzed in detail. Maximum periodic volume increment was reached between 225 and 275 years of age. Maximum periodic volume increment was reached between 275 and 325 years of age in the 719 fir that were analyzed. Scars were the most frequent avenue of entrance for infection. In 59% of the cases of infection studied the fungus had entered through wounds.

scholarly journals Aquatic macrophytes can be used for wastewater polishing but not for purification in constructed wetlands

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Tang ◽  
Sarah F. Harpenslager ◽  
Monique M. L. van Kempen ◽  
Evi J. H. Verbaarschot ◽  
Laury M. J. M. Loeffen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽  
Nutrient Distribution ◽  
Azolla Filiculoides ◽  
Sediment Types

Abstract. The sequestration of nutrients from surface waters by aquatic macrophytes and sediments provides an important service to both natural and constructed wetlands. While emergent species take up nutrients from the sediment, submerged and floating macrophytes filter nutrients directly from the surface water, which may be more efficient in constructed wetlands. It remains unclear, however, whether their efficiency is sufficient for wastewater purification and how plant species and nutrient loading affects nutrient distribution over plants, water and sediment. We therefore determined nutrient removal efficiencies of different vegetation (Azolla filiculoides, Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum) and sediment types (clay, peaty clay and peat) at three nutrient input rates, in a full factorial, outdoor mesocosm experiment. At low loading (0.43 mg P m−2 d−1), plant uptake was the main pathway (100 %) for phosphorus (P) removal, while sediments showed a net P release. A. filiculoides and M. spicatum showed the highest biomass production and could be harvested regularly for nutrient recycling, whereas C. demersum was outcompeted by spontaneously developing macrophytes and algae. Higher nutrient loading only stimulated A. filiculoides growth. At higher rates ( ≥  21.4 mg P m−2 d−1), 50–90 % of added P ended up in sediments, with peat sediments becoming more easily saturated. For nitrogen (N), 45–90 % was either taken up by the sediment or lost to the atmosphere at loadings  ≥  62 mg N m−2 d−1. This shows that aquatic macrophytes can indeed function as an efficient nutrient filter but only for low loading rates (polishing) and not for high rates (purification). The outcome of this controlled study not only contributes to our understanding of nutrient dynamics in constructed wetlands but also shows the differential effects of wetland sediment types and plant species. Furthermore, the acquired knowledge may benefit the application of macrophyte harvesting to remove and recycle nutrients from both constructed wetlands and nutrient-loaded natural wetlands.

Canopy disturbances over the five-century lifetime of an old-growth Douglas-fir stand in the Pacific Northwest

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1057-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda E Winter ◽  
Linda B Brubaker ◽  
Jerry F Franklin ◽  
Eric A Miller ◽  
Donald Q DeWitt
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Variable Density ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
Horizontal Heterogeneity ◽  
Restoration Strategies

The history of canopy disturbances over the lifetime of an old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand in the western Cascade Range of southern Washington was reconstructed using tree-ring records of cross-dated samples from a 3.3-ha mapped plot. The reconstruction detected pulses in which many western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) synchronously experienced abrupt and sustained increases in ringwidth, i.e., "growth-increases", and focused on medium-sized or larger ([Formula: see text]0.8 ha) events. The results show that the stand experienced at least three canopy disturbances that each thinned, but did not clear, the canopy over areas [Formula: see text]0.8 ha, occurring approximately in the late 1500s, the 1760s, and the 1930s. None of these promoted regeneration of the shade-intolerant Douglas-fir, all of which established 1500–1521. The disturbances may have promoted regeneration of western hemlock, but their strongest effect on tree dynamics was to elicit western hemlock growth-increases. Canopy disturbances are known to create patchiness, or horizontal heterogeneity, an important characteristic of old-growth forests. This reconstructed history provides one model for restoration strategies to create horizontal heterogeneity in young Douglas-fir stands, for example, by suggesting sizes of areas to thin in variable-density thinnings.

Slow Release NPK Fertilizer Preparation from Natural Resources

2019 ◽  
Vol 948 ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Windia Hanifah ◽  
Chandra Wahyu Purnomo ◽  
Suryo Purwono
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Release Profile ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizer ◽  
N Source ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Release Method

Preparation of Natural multi-nutrient Slow Release Fertilizer (NSRF) aims to reduce the environmental burden from some waste and increase the efficiency of fertilizer in releasing nutrient content. In this study,slow-release fertilizer was prepared from all natural components from waste which aredried chicken manure (N source), struvite (P source), and palm empty fruit bunch ash (K source). The equal weight of the three main nutrient sources was used with the addition of starch powder as the binder by 10%, 15% and 20% of the total nutrient mixture. The mixture of all nutrient with binder was granulated using pan granulator. Dried NSRF granule was tested using sand bed release method to observe the release profile of the contained nutrient. Based on the results of a 30-day leaching study, it was found that increasing concentration of binder will reduce the release of the nutrient from NSRF granules.

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