Stem hydraulic properties and growth in lodgepole pine stands following thinning and sway treatment

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1295-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Liu ◽  
Uldis Silins ◽  
Victor J Lieffers ◽  
Rongzhou Man
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Specific Conductivity ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Fire Origin

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of wind-caused sway on the growth and stem hydraulic properties of fire-origin juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) stands after thinning. Nine plots were thinned and trees were treated to suppress or exacerbate sway from the wind: thinned and supported with a pole (TP), thinned with an added sail (TS), thinned control (TC), and unthinned control (UC). Terminal leader growth, radial increment, and earlywood and latewood widths at breast height were measured for the last six growing seasons. The specific hydraulic conductivity of stems was measured. The results showed that thinning increased diameter growth and reduced height growth and slenderness coefficient (particularly for trees with added sails) compared with the unthinned control. Trees from thinned stands had reduced specific conductivity compared with the trees from unthinned controls, suggesting that tree bending caused functional damage to sapwood. Specific conductivity was 1.36 × 10–5, 1.06 × 10–5, 0.96 × 10–5, and 0.83 × 10–5 m·s–1 in UC, TP, TC, and TS treatments, respectively. Trees from thinned stands, however, increased their total leaf area in the years following thinning.

scholarly journals The Effects of Juvenile Spacing on 7-Year-Old Lodgepole Pine in Central British Columbia

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne D. Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Individual Tree Growth ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The effects of spacing 7-year-old second-growth lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) are reported 20 growing seasons after treatment. Five spacing levels of 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, and 2,500 trees per hectare, plus unspaced controls, were established on plots in central British Columbia. Both individual-tree and per-hectare data were analyzed. Spacing had a significant effect on all of the individual-tree characteristics examined, but its effect on per-hectare values was mixed. Although this report only provides short-term information on the effects of juvenile spacing on the growth and yield of lodgepole pine, it does indicate the need to optimize individual-tree growth rates with levels of growing stock to maximize yield per unit area. West. J. Appl. For. 20(3):160–166.

Lichen chronosequences (postfire and postharvest) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests of northern interior British Columbia

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 1449-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darwyn S Coxson ◽  
Janet Marsh
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Floor Surface ◽  
Fire Origin

Lichen community development was examined in a postfire chronosequence from lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud var. latifolia Engelm.) forests in the Omineca region of north-central British Columbia and in stands originating from logging in the early 1980s. Fire-origin stands showed dense regeneration of pine and widespread growth of acrocarpous mosses such as Polytrichum spp. As canopy thinning progressed, Cladonia spp. lichens initiated development at the forest floor surface. By 50–100 years after stand origin, Cladina mitis and Cladina rangiferina dominated at the forest floor surface, remaining at high cover values well into the second century of stand development. Late seral stages of stand development (approximately 150+ years) showed increasing basal area and canopy cover of lodgepole pine, with feathermoss mats (e.g., Pleurozium schreberi) replacing terrestrial lichens at the forest floor surface. Stand ordinations confirmed these groupings of species. Stand structural factors that correlate best with lichen mat development include tree density, basal area, and canopy cover. Changes in the leaf area index and associated litterfall loading appear to precipitate the replacement of terrestrial lichen mats in "old-growth" stands. Interestingly, this trend was reversed in mature stands where winter harvesting of trees removed canopy cover without disturbing the forest floor surface. Lichen cover in these sites, 15 years after harvest, exceeded that of comparably aged fire-origin stands. Summer harvesting (with a presumed greater disturbance of soils) did not trigger a similar rebound of lichen communities. Instead, vascular plants appeared to invade these sites, following a seral sequence different from that occurring in fire-origin stands.Key words: terrestrial lichens, pine woodlands, caribou habitat.

The effects of nutrition and density on growth, foliage biomass, and growth efficiency of high-density fire-origin lodgepole pine in central British Columbia

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 2851-2859 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P Blevins ◽  
Cindy E Prescott ◽  
H Lee Allen ◽  
Teresa A Newsome
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
High Density ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
Fire Origin

A factorial thinning and fertilization experiment was established in central British Columbia in a 36-year-old high-density fire-origin lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) stand to examine the effects of density, nutrition, and their interaction on tree and stand growth, foliage biomass per hectare, and growth efficiency. Volume growth was increased from 2 to 7 m3·ha–1·year–1 when fertilizer was applied without thinning and to 5 m3·ha–1·year–1 when fertilizer was applied with thinning. Thinning increased tree-level foliage biomass and growth efficiency by concentrating limited resources onto fewer trees, resulting in increased tree-level volume growth. Stand-level volume growth was reduced by thinning because of the large reduction in stocking. However, by year 4, stand-level volume growth was the same on control and thinned plots, suggesting that thinned trees have already recaptured the site potential. Fertilization increased both tree-level and stand-level productivity through increases in resource availability per tree and per hectare. This resulted in increased foliage biomass and growth efficiency at the tree and stand level. The combination of thinning and fertilization resulted in the greatest tree-level growth because of increased tree-level foliage biomass and growth efficiency. Boron appears to be the most limiting element followed by sulfur and nitrogen.

IPSDIENOL AND LANIERONE INCREASE IPS PINI SAY (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ATTACK AND BROOD DENSITY IN LODGEPOLE PINE INFESTED BY MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Safranyik ◽  
T.L. Shore ◽  
D.A. Linton
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Ips Pini ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle

AbstractAttack and emergence of the engraver beetles Ips pini Say and I. latidens LeConte were measured in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) naturally attacked by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk., in 1991. Sample trees were baited with the Ips pheromones ipsdienol and lanierone 1 week and 3 weeks after attack by the mountain pine beetle and again the following spring to observe the effects of the timing of bait placement. The densities of attack, egg gallery length, emergence, and hibernation of Ips species were measured. Ips latidens did not attack either the baited or unbaked trees at breast height until the spring of 1992 and the relatively low emergence was not significantly different by treatments. Among the 1991 treatments, the densities at breast height (1.3 m) of I. pini attack, egg gallery length, adult emergence in the fall of 1991, and numbers of hibernating adults in the duff were all highest for the 3-week treatment and lowest for the unbaked treatment. Significantly higher densities of beetles emerged and hibernated in the duff on the north sides of trees. Ips pini emergence in late summer 1992 from trees additionally baited in spring 1992 was significantly higher than for trees baited only in fall 1991. The density and temporal distribution of the emergence of both Ips species is discussed in relation to that of the mountain pine beetle.

scholarly journals Intra-Seasonal Changes in Height to Diameter Ratios for Lodgepole Pine in the Central Interior of British Columbia

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Opio ◽  
Kona van Diest ◽  
Norman Jacob
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Four Levels

Abstract Height to diameter ratio (HDR) has been proposed as an alternative to conventional procedures for assessing competition between crop trees and other vegetation. Yet HDRs vary throughout the growing season due to variations in the rate of change in height and diameter. There is an interest, therefore, in determining variations in HDR within a growing season (intra-seasonal changes) and the time of the year when measurements of HDR should be taken for operational purposes. HDR measurements were taken on five occasions at two lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) sites in the central interior of British Columbia, from early May to late October through the 1999 growing season. Although the focus of the article is the investigation of intra-seasonal changes in HDR, we also compared August 1999 measurements with August 1998 measurements to determine the variation in HDR between growing seasons (inter-seasonal change). The study involved a completely randomized, one-factor experimental design, with replication over time. The removal of competing vegetation (known as brushing) was the factor. The design consisted of four levels of brushing, replicated three times on each study site. The results indicated that HDRs increased from early May to July and then decreased until October to levels equal to or lower than those obtained in August 1998. The highest HDR values were observed in control plots. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures indicated that treatment (brushing radius) and date of HDR measurement had significant (P < 0.05) effects on the intra-seasonal changes in HDR. The results suggest that HDR measurements should be taken either after mid-August, or before mid-May when changes in HDR are negligible. West. J. Appl. For.18(1):52–59.

scholarly journals Growth of Coniferous Seedlings on a Drained and Mounded Peatland in Central Alberta

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam K. Takyi ◽  
Graham R. Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Survival And Growth

Abstract Artificial reforestation experiments compared survival and growth of five species of coniferous containerized seedlings, and seedling browsing by ungulates on a clearcut, drained, and mounded peatland in the boreal forest. Six to seven growing seasons after planting, 91% of all seedlings had survived. Height and diameter growth in five species were ranked as follows: Siberian latch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) > lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) > tamarack (Larix laricina [Du Roi] K. Koch) > black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) = white spruce(Picea glauca [Moench] Voss). Overall, tamarack height and diameter growth was twice that of either spruce species. Height and diameter growth of tamarack, black spruce, and white spruce planted in the spring was 65% to 97% greater than that of the more robust seedlings for the same species planted in the fall of the same year. Repeated winter browsing by ungulates did not affect survival and growth of the five species. In an experiment where survival and growth of tamarack and black spruce seedlings planted on the mounds were compared with that of seedlings planted on the flat areas between mounds, there were no differences in survival, height, or root collar diameter growth between the two planting sites. In the event that suitable peatlands are used to augment existing timber supplies, lowering the water table through ditching, combined with mound-planting, is a feasible method of reforesting timber-harvested, boreal wet sites with Siberian latch, lodgepole pine, and white spruce. Tamarack and black spruce, however, survive and grow well on drained peatlands without mound-planting. North. J. Appl. For. 17(2):71-79.

scholarly journals Tree Growth Response Along Seismic Lines in Alberta

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Bella
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Seismic Lines

Stem growth data from breast height were collected from about 2000 trees on 192 sample transects (plots) located adjacent to seismic lines. Sampled stands represented the most important forest cover types between 10 and 100 years of age over a range of site conditions in the foothills of western Albetra from Rocky Mountain House to Grande Prairie. Line clearing stimulated breast height radial increment fairly consistently in the 20% range of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) trees. This improvement expressed in terms of stand growth, however, fell far short of that required to make up for the loss of wood production over these lines if the cut trees are not utilized. The lack of significant stimulation from line clearing in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands indicates a complete loss of production due to the lines.

scholarly journals Thinning Lodgepole Pine by Brute Force: Three Implements in a Decade's Perspective

1990 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Bella
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Brute Force ◽  
West Central ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Fire Origin

Anchor chains, Rome disks, or shark finned barrels were dragged by a D8H tractor in one or two directions in dense, 9-year-old, fire-origin lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands in west-central Alberta. All three implements were equally effective in killing trees, although they also damaged a fairly high proportion. The two-directional treatments, with the second perpendicular to the first to approximate greater intensity of thinning, killed more than twice as many, or nearly 40% of mainly the larger trees. Large trees were also more damage-prone. In the 11 years after treatment the thinned stand recovered, and now the trees show virtually no signs of earlier damage. Their growth surpasses that of trees in the unthinned area. Treatments like these may be useful in dense lodgepole pine stands when thinning budgets are low and some reduction in usable yield, as compared to selective thinning, is acceptable.

Revisiting the transition between juvenile and mature wood: a comparison of fibre length, microfibril angle and relative wood density in lodgepole pine

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D. Mansfield ◽  
Roberta Parish ◽  
C. Mario Di Lucca ◽  
James Goudie ◽  
Kyu-Young Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Fibre Traits

AbstractIn an attempt to examine the dynamic inter-relationship among wood density and fibre traits [tracheid length and microfibril angle (MFA)] in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), 60 trees were sampled in three age classes from four sites in central British Columbia. Breast height discs were taken and relative wood density was measured along two radii. Tracheid length was assessed on isolated 5-year increments from pith to bark at breast height for each tree. MFA was determined every 50 μm and the 5-mm composite intervals from pith to bark per disc at breast height were used in the analysis. Segmented regression was employed to identify the “juvenile to mature wood” transition point, which revealed transition ages of 31, 18 and 15 for wood density, fibre length and MFA, respectively. These traits were related to primary growth, expressed as area increment, ring width, percent earlywood and height increment during the juvenile wood phase. Comparisons of wood and fibre traits showed a higher congruence between the time of transitions for fibre length and MFA (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.52) than that between fibre length and wood density (0.07), and MFA and wood density (0.16). The cessation of early rapid radial increment growth terminated before wood and fibre transitions to mature wood occurred. Fibre length was significantly, but not strongly, related to ring width and percent earlywood (0.35 for both). The duration of juvenile fibre production was not significantly related to height growth.

The effect of Armillaria root disease on lodgepole pine tree growth

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
K I Mallett ◽  
WJA Volney
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Volume Increment

Growth of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) trees infected with Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink growing in disease centres were compared with the growth of uninfected trees from two stands in west-central Alberta. Sample trees were measured (height, diameter at breast height, and height to live crown) and disks removed for stem analysis. The standing wood volumes inside disease centres of the two sites were 54 and 15% of the volume in surrounding stands. There were no significant differences in height or diameter at breast height between infected and uninfected trees. Expected growth rates determined by stem analysis revealed, however, that there were conservative losses of 43% in annual volume increment, 32% in specific volume increment, and 23% in height increment. The pattern of stem growth of infected individuals was that typically found in open-grown trees, in marked contrast to the pattern found in uninfected trees growing outside the disease centre. Tree growth chronologies suggested that disease centres were present early in the stands' development as trees grew rapidly before they became infected; however, the characteristic open-grown pattern of trees found in disease centres did not change after they became infected.

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