Coarse woody debris in forest regions of Russia

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 768-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga N Krankina ◽  
Mark E Harmon ◽  
Yuri A Kukuev ◽  
Rudolf F Treyfeld ◽  
Nikolai N Kashpor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Forest Use ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Young Forests ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Regions Of Russia

To assess regional stores of coarse woody debris (CWD) in seven major forest regions of Russia, we combined data collected as part of the routine forest inventory with measurements in 1044 sample plots and the results of density sampling of 922 dead trees. The stores of CWD in the western part of Russia (St. Petersburg, Central, Khanty-Mansi, and Novosibirsk regions) were on average lower (14–20 m3/ha or 4.0–5.8 Mg/ha) than in the East Siberian and Far Eastern regions (40–51 m3/ha or 11.0–14.4 Mg/ha). The difference in CWD stores was particularly large between young forests in two western regions (2.4 Mg/ha in St. Petersburg and 3.4 Mg/ha in the Central region) and in the east (20.4–24.4 Mg/ha). This difference is associated with the prevailing disturbance type: clear-cut harvest in western Russia and natural disturbances in the east. Analysis of variance in CWD stores indicates that region, dominant species, forest age group, productivity class, and interactions of these factors explain 87–88% of the total variance and the strongest effects are for age group and region. Lower stores of CWD within the intensively managed forest regions suggest that further expansion of forest use in many regions of Russia may reduce regional stores of CWD and carbon.

Effects of timber harvesting on coarse woody debris in red pine forests across the Great Lakes states, U.S.A.

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1926-1934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D Duvall ◽  
David F Grigal
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Timber Management ◽  
Great Lakes States ◽  
Young Forests

Coarse woody debris (CWD) chronosequences were developed for managed and unmanaged red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) stands across the Great Lakes states. Throughout stand development, there is less CWD in managed than in unmanaged forests, and effects of management are strongest in young forests (0-30 years old). At stand initiation, CWD is 80% lower in managed than unmanaged forests, 20 200 versus 113 200 kg·ha-1, while at 90 years, CWD is 35% lower, 6600 versus 10 400 kg·ha-1. Timber management especially affects snags. In young managed forests, snag biomass is less than 1% of that in unmanaged forests, 150 versus 58 200 kg·ha-1, while log biomass is 80% lower, 5000 versus 22 800 kg·ha-1. This trend continues in mature forests (91-150 years old), where snag biomass is 75% lower in managed than in unmanaged forests, 1700 versus 6400 kg·ha-1. Management has relatively little impact on total log biomass of mature forests but increases the biomass of fresh logs nearly 10-fold, to 1400 versus 150 kg·ha-1. CWD in managed forests is highly variable, primarily related to thinning schedules in individual stands.

scholarly journals Bryophyte Conservation in Managed Boreal Landscapes: Fourteen-Year Impacts of Partial Cuts on Epixylic Bryophytes

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Opoku-Nyame ◽  
Alain Leduc ◽  
Nicole J. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Old Growth Forests ◽  
Over Time

Clear cut harvest simplifies and eliminates old growth forest structure, negatively impacting biodiversity. Partial cut harvest has been hypothesized (1) to have less impact on biodiversity than clear cut harvest, and (2) to encourage old growth forest structures. Long-term studies are required to test this hypothesis as most studies are conducted soon after harvest. Using epixylic bryophytes as indicators, this study addresses this knowledge gap. Fourteen years after harvest, we examined changes in epixylic bryophyte community composition richness and traits, and their microhabitats (coarse woody debris characteristics and microclimate) along an unharvested, partial cuts and clear cuts harvest treatment in 30 permanent plots established in the boreal black spruce (Picea mariana) forests of northwestern Quebec, Canada. Our results were compared to those of an initial post-harvest study (year 5) and to a chronosequence of old growth forests to examine species changes over time and the similarity of bryophyte communities in partial cut and old growth forests. Coarse woody debris (CWD) volume by decay class varied among harvest treatments with partial cuts and clear cuts recording lower volumes of early decay CWD. The epixylic community was richer in partial cuts than in mature unharvested forests and clear cuts. In addition, species richness and overall abundance doubled in partial and clear cuts between years 5 and 14. Species composition also differed among treatments between years 5 and 14. Furthermore, conditions in partial cut stands supported small, drought sensitive, and old growth confined species that are threatened by conditions in clear cut stands. Lastly, over time, species composition in partial cuts became more similar to old growth forests. Partial cuts reduced harvest impacts by continuing to provide favorable microhabitat conditions that support epixylic bryophytes. Also, partial cut harvest has the potential to encourage old growth species assemblages, which has been a major concern for biodiversity conservation in managed forest landscapes. Our findings support the promotion of partial cut harvest as an effective strategy to achieve species and habitat conservation goals.

scholarly journals Invertebrate community response to coarse woody debris removal for bioenergy production from intensively managed forests

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Grodsky ◽  
Christopher E. Moorman ◽  
Sarah R. Fritts ◽  
Joshua W. Campbell ◽  
Clyde E. Sorenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Invertebrate Community ◽  
Bioenergy Production ◽  
Debris Removal ◽  
Intensively Managed

scholarly journals Carbon Losses from Decomposing Windrowed Sitka Spruce Woody Debris Over a 16-Year Chronosequence

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Brian Tobin ◽  
Giovanni Pastore ◽  
Maarten Nieuwenhuis
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Management Intervention ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Forest C

Meeting the reporting requirements of the Kyoto Protocol has focused attention on the potential of forests in sustainably sequestering carbon (C) to mitigate the effects of rising levels of atmospheric CO2. Much uncertainty remains concerning the ultimate effect of management on such sequestration effects. The management of woody debris (WD) and other deadwood stocks is an example of a management intervention with the scope of affecting the source-sink dynamics of forest C. Windrowing is the most commonly employed approach to the management of post-harvest WD. This study investigated the quantities of windrowed deadwood C across a chronosequence of reforested commercial Sitka spruce stands in Ireland and how its decomposition rate affected its contribution to forest C sequestration. The C stocks in windrowed WD ranged from 25 to 8 t C ha−1 at the 4- and 16-year-old stands, respectively. Losses due to the decomposition of these stocks ranged from 5.15 t C ha−1 yr−1 at the youngest site (4 years old) to 0.68 t C ha−1 yr−1 at the oldest site (16 years old). Using a visual decay-class categorization of WD components and an assessment of wood density, decay rate constants were estimated for logs, branches, and stumps (the main WD constituents of windrows) as 0.037, 0.038, and 0.044, respectively. These results, derived from stand stock evaluations, were placed into context with data previously published from the same chronosequence that characterized the day-to-day fluxes to or from this pool. This comparison indicated that though only a very small quantity of C was lost in dissolved leachate form, the most significant pathway for loss was respiratory and ranged from 16 to 8 t C ha−1 yr−1 at the 9- and 16-year-old sites. These estimates were many times greater in extent than estimates made using a density-loss approach, the difference indicating that fragmentation and weathering play a large role in woody decomposition in intensively managed forests.

Perpendicular distance sampling: an alternative method for sampling downed coarse woody debris

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1564-1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
M S Williams ◽  
J H Gove
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Distance Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Unequal Probability ◽  
Perpendicular Distance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Primary Advantage

Coarse woody debris (CWD) plays an important role in many forest ecosystem processes. In recent years, a number of new methods have been proposed to sample CWD. These methods select individual logs into the sample using some form of unequal probability sampling. One concern with most of these methods is the difficulty in estimating the volume of each log. A new method of sampling CWD that addresses this issue is proposed. This method samples each log with probability proportional to the volume of each piece of CWD. While this method generally has a smaller variance than the existing methods, the primary advantage is that a design-unbiased estimator of CWD volume is achieved without ever actually measuring the volume of any logs. This method, referred to as perpendicular distance sampling (PDS), is compared with three existing sampling techniques for CWD using a simulation study on a series of artificial populations. In every case, the variance of the PDS estimator of CWD volume was smaller than the variance of the competing methods, but the difference in the variance was not large between PDS and two of the competing methods. When estimating the number of pieces of CWD, the variance of the PDS estimator was one of the largest amongst the tested methods. An equally important result is that the variant of line intersect sampling used in this study, where the orientation of the line is the same at all sample points, performed poorly in every situation. This and other problems suggest that the suitability of this sampling technique for estimating CWD is questionable.

Characteristics of Coarse Woody Debris in Different-Age Natural Larix gmelinii Forests in Daxing’anling Mountains

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
Fei Wang ◽  
Qiu Liang Zhang ◽  
Xiao Mei Li ◽  
Chun Sheng Bao ◽  
Xiao Wei Gao
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Larix Gmelinii ◽  
Forest Age ◽  
Young Forests ◽  
And Function

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is composed of dry wood, fallen wood and large branches, and it is an important element for structure and function in forest ecosystems. In this paper, we studied the characteristics of coarse woody debris (CWD) of natural Larix gmelinii forests with different ages in Daxing’anling Mountains. The results show that (1) the CWD volumes in near-mature, middle-age and young forests are 88.55 m3•hm-2, 52.07 m3•hm-2 and 3.96 m3•hm-2, respectively; and their biomasses are 52.96 t•hm-2, 36.22 t•hm-2 and 2.35t•hm-2, respectively. Which indicate that the CWD volumes and biomasses increase with forest ages addition; (2) The CWD volume and biomass follow normal distribution in middle and near-mature forest; (3) the CWD volume and biomass decrease with forest age increasing within decay classes I and II, whereas increase in decay classes III, IVand V; (4) the volume of middle-age and young forests present a near normal distribution with decay class increasing.

scholarly journals Communities of epigeic beetles in tree line from montane spruce forest to secondary meadow in the different stage of the forest decline in the area of Modrava (Bohemian forest, Czech Republic)

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-349
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Boháč ◽  
Karel Matějka
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Epigeic Beetles

Abstract Communities of epigeic beetles were studied using pitfall trapping on 10 plots with the different stage of decline and clear-cut plots without coarse woody debris. Species richness (number of all species, S), total species diversity as the Shannon-Wiener’s index (H) and equitability (e) were calculated in the DBreleve. The Ward’s method of hierarchical agglomerative classification with Euclidean distance was used for the differentiation of the communities on the plots. Species data for this analyse were represented by logarithm-transformed activities [log(x+1)]. The single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical testing of differences in structural parameters (e.g. species richness and diversity) amongst distinguished groups of the plots. The species diversity and activity differs on glades without trees and coarse woody debris. The highest number of species was found in clear-cut areas. The lowest number of species was found on the plots with the living forest particularly invaded by bark beetle. This fact is caused by the fact that the clear-cut plots are invaded by ubiquitous and anthropotolerant species with good migration possibilities. These species are adapted to habitats without trees and are able to leave even in the habitats with very sparse or without vegetation. Species living in the forest even under the bark beetle attack are often stenotopic and adapted to the forest microclimate (higher humidity and low average temperature). These species are very sensitive to great difference in the daily changes of microclimate. The study of beetle communities support the hypothesis that the keeping of dead tree stands on plots after bark beetle outbreak is better for biodiversity conservation than the cutting down of trees and the abolishment of stems.

Structural differences between forests regenerating following spruce budworm defoliation and clear-cut harvesting: implications for marten

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1965-1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Payer ◽  
Daniel J Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Clear Cut

American marten (Martes americana Turton) avoid recent clearcuts when establishing territories but do not avoid similarly aged stands with a history of extensive tree mortality caused by the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.). We quantified differences in overstory vegetation, understory vegetation, and coarse woody debris between stands that were clear-cut or defoliated by spruce budworms 10-20 years prior to our study. Our objectives were to identify habitat features with functional significance for marten that were lacking in managed stands and to propose goals for silvicultural practices that more closely resemble a natural disturbance (insect defoliation), thus improving habitat quality for marten. In contrast to regenerating clearcuts, defoliated stands had greater volumes of snags, downed logs, and root masses and included taller trees. Although live-tree basal area was similar between stand types, our results suggest that vertical structure provided by large snags can offset limited availability of live trees for marten, particularly where coarse woody debris and understory vegetation are plentiful. In stands under even-aged management, habitat quality for marten may be enhanced by retention of >18 m2/ha cull trees and snags. Uneven-aged silvicultural systems, which more closely mimic natural disturbance by defoliating insects, may have particular promise for maintaining marten habitat.

scholarly journals AN ASSESSMENT OF RETENTION TREES IN HYLOCOMIOSA FOREST TYPE IN SOUTHERN LATVIA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga STRAUPE ◽  
Līga LIEPA
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Young Stand ◽  
The Status ◽  
Young Forests ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Retention Trees

In Latvia the forest legislation requires that at least five living trees must be retained per hectare after clear-cutting. It is known that retention trees significantly increase the biodiversity in production forest landscape. After clear-cutting retention trees function as habitats for various lichens, mosses, insects, fungi and birds. Over time retention trees are incorporated into the young forests stand and provide presence of old trees, which is necessary for many endangered and rare species. After the death, these trees turn into coarse woody debris which is an essential habitat and feeding source for many taxa. However, the conservation and mortality of the retention trees has not been studied extensively because this approach has been established recently. The aim of this study was to evaluate development of the retention trees in Hylocomiosa type of forests in Southern Latvia. In total 12 young forest stands were surveyed in 2009 and 2015. The total area – 13.7 ha, on average forest stand size varies from 0.5 to 3.0 ha. All the studied sites were harvested in 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008. All measurements of tree species, height, and diameter and defoliation class assessed and the status of tree (growing tree, coarse woody debris – snags, stems and downed logs) was indicated. Results show that after the studied period of seven years 24 retention trees died. Average level of the tree mortality is 15 %. The mortality level of Scots pine retention trees is 5.8 %, for aspen – 50 % and that for birch – 92.3 %. An average it is 8.5 green retention trees per 1 ha of young stand (22.9 m3 ha-1). On average 2.3 pieces coarse woody debris are per 1 ha of young stand (3.52 m3 ha-1), mostly - aspen wood (2.4 m3 ha-1). Woody debris of the young stands is divided to the first 4 decay levels according to classification (Stokland et al., 2001). 50 % of the listed woody debris is related to the 3rd decay level which means that woody debris is moderately decomposed.

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