The pollination mechanism of western white pine

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1731-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N Owens ◽  
Glenda Catalano ◽  
Jordan S Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Pollination Mechanism ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
Pollen Cone ◽  
Pollen Shed

The phenology of post-dormancy pollen cone, pollen, seed cone, and ovule development was determined for western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) growing at a coastal and an interior seed orchard in British Columbia. Pollen cones were preformed and overwintered at the sporogenous cell stage before resuming development in early April. Meiosis occurred in May, and pollen was mature by late May or early June. Potential seed-cone buds resumed development in mid-April, and all bracts and ovuliferous scales were initiated before seed-cone buds burst. Comparable stages of development occurred about 2 weeks earlier at the coastal orchard. Numerical phenological stages were assigned to both pollen-cone and seed-cone development. Pollen-cone and seed-cone phenology were very dependent on temperature, whereas pollen release was dependent on both temperature and drying. Degree-days are a useful way to predict seed cone receptivity and to a lesser extent pollen shed at one site in successive years but not between sites. Receptivity and pollen release were fairly synchronized at both sites in both years of the study. The pollination mechanism is described and was similar to other pines studied in a similar manner. Seed cones were erect at receptivity and ovules inverted. Lipid microdrops were secreted on the micropylar arms to which the saccate pollen adhere. After several days of pollen collection on the arms and other cone surfaces, a pollination drop was secreted from the ovule, and if it was large it filled the space between the micropylar arms. Many large pollination drops were observed in cones at the coastal orchard, and the drops scavenged pollen from the arms and nearby cone surfaces. Few and small pollination drops were observed in cones at the interior orchard where low humidity may cause rapid evaporation of the drop. Water applied as a spray at the interior site increased the size of pollination drops or created artificial drops between the arms. At both sites water applied as a fine spray after pollen shed carried pollen from the hairs on the margins of the bracts and scales into the cone and to the ovules. The pollination mechanism in western white pine is well adapted to the wet humid coastal environment but not as well adapted to the dry interior.

Pollination and seed production in western white pine

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Danilo D. Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Seedling Seed Orchard ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Cone Development ◽  
Filled Seeds

The reproductive biology of western white pine ( Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) at the Saanich seed orchard (SSO; a coastal seedling seed orchard) and the Kalamalka seed orchard (KSO; an interior clonal seed orchard) is described. Seed-cone development and morphology determine seed potential and affect filled seed production. Seed potential was high, commonly over 200 seeds per cone and filled seeds per cone averaged 50–60 at both orchards in 1999 from open pollinations combined with operational supplemental mass pollinations (OP-SMP). Filled seeds per cone at SSO in 2004 averaged 115 with open pollinations and OP-SMP. About 30% of ovules aborted before pollination. Another 25% aborted probably because of self-incompatibility at fertilization. Seed efficiency (SEF) was only 5% at KSO with open pollination but increased to 30% with OP-SMP. SEF was the same at SSO with or without OP-SMP. Reproductive success was very low at KSO without OP-SMP but increased to about 10%, similar to that of SSO, with OP-SMP. The optimal time for control pollinations was at cone stages 4 and 5 and optimal amount of pollen per pollination bag was 0.3–0.4 mL. Western white pine is a very good seed producer and can be easily managed in seed orchards to give very high seed production per cone and per tree.

Protection of Disease-Resistant Western White Pine Seed from Insect Damage

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Haverty ◽  
Patrick J. Shea ◽  
Lawrence E. Stipe
Keyword(s):  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Botanical Insecticide ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Dioryctria Abietivorella ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Seed Crops

Abstract Seed produced in blister rust-resistant western white pine (Pinus monticola Douglas) seed orchards is in high demand. The fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella (Groté), and the lodgepole pine coneworm, Eucosma recissoriana (Heinrich), cause considerable damage to seed crops in the Moscow Arboretum seed orchard. Single (May or June) and repeated (May and June) applications of 0.025% fenvalerate, and repeated applications (May and June) of 0.0125% fenvalerate, a synthetic botanical insecticide, were evaluated in 1986 for protection of cone crops. Results in 1986 confirm results in 1984 (Haverty et al. 1986): an application of 0.025% fenvalerate in May and June significantly reduces insect damage, regardless of the relative abundance of cones or insects. The decision to use a single or repeated application depends on demand for seed, projected seed crop and insect populations, and socioeconomic costs of the treatment. West. J. Appl. For. 3(1):18-20, January 1988.

Development of long-shoot terminal buds of western white pine (Pinus monticola)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1308-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Marje Molder
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Western White Pine

Long-shoot terminal bud (LSTB) development in western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) was studied throughout the annual growth cycle to determine the phenology of LSTB development and the time of cone-bud differentiation. Development of LSTB began in early April and cataphylls were initiated from mid-August until early November. Cataphyll initiation was slow during May and June when shoots were elongating and then rapid just after shoot elongation was completed. Proximal cataphylls were sterile, whereas more distal cataphylls began to initiate axillary buds by late June or early July. Axillary buds were initiated first in the proximal portions of the LSTB and then acropetally in rapid succession. The last cataphylls to be initiated in the fall remained as sterile bud scales enclosing the LSTB apex. Axillary buds initiated sterile cataphylls which functioned as bud scales. The number varied with the type of axillary bud. Proximal axillary buds initiated few cataphylls and began to differentiate into dwarf shoots or pollen cones in August. The more distal axillary buds differentiated into dwarf shoots during September and October, The most distal axillary buds initiated many cataphylls during September and October but did not differentiate into seed-cone buds or lateral branch buds until after winter dormancy. Consequently, attempts to induce or enhance seed-cone production in P. monticola would probably be most successful in the spring when seed-cone buds differentiate. LSTB bearing seed cones were larger, had broader apices, and produced more cataphylls during the growing season than did LSTB bearing pollen cones. The phenology of LSTB development in soft pines and hard pines is discussed in relation to reports available on the association of cone crops and climatic conditions in several species of Pinus.

Differences in needle morphology between blister rust resistant and susceptible western white pine stocks

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1880-1886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwan-Soo Woo ◽  
Lauren Fins ◽  
Geral I McDonald ◽  
Maurice V Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Needle Morphology ◽  
Genetic Stocks ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Stomatal Length

Needle traits were evaluated on three groups of western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) seedlings: four open-pollinated families that ranked high for the "reduced needle lesion frequency" type of resistance to blister rust; four blister rust susceptible families; and two bulk lots from a seed orchard selected for blister rust resistance. No statistically significant differences were found for most traits in pairwise comparisons among the three groups. However, needles of susceptible families had significantly wider and larger stomata (greater area) than did those of resistant families and seed orchard lots; their stomata were also rounder (smaller ratio of stomatal length to width) than those of the seed orchard lots. Needles of the resistant stocks were significantly shorter than those from seed orchard bulks. Contact angles of water droplets on adaxial needle surfaces were also significantly larger on resistant families compared with the other genetic stocks. Results suggest the possibility of some threshold stomatal size and (or) critical stomatal shape related to infection by the blister rust fungus, Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. ex Rabenh., and possible differences among the groups in wax chemistry and (or) surface textures, both of which may alter behavior of blister rust germ tubes and (or) be altered by blister rust infection.

Western white pine development in relation to biophysical characteristics across different spatial scales in the Coeur d'Alene River basin in northern Idaho, U.S.A.

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1109-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa B Jain ◽  
Russell T Graham ◽  
Penelope Morgan
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Coeur D'alene ◽  
Biophysical Factors ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Northern Idaho

Many studies have assessed tree development beneath canopies in forest ecosystems, but results are seldom placed within the context of broad-scale biophysical factors. Mapped landscape characteristics for three watersheds, located within the Coeur d'Alene River basin in northern Idaho, were integrated to create a spatial hierarchy reflecting biophysical factors that influence western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) development under a range of canopy openings. The hierarchy included canopy opening, landtype, geological feature, and weathering. Interactions and individual-scale contributions were identified using stepwise log–linear regression. The resulting models explained 68% of the variation for estimating western white pine basal diameter and 64% for estimating height. Interactions among spatial scales explained up to 13% of this variation and better described vegetation response than any single spatial scale. A hierarchical approach based on biophysical attributes is an excellent method for studying plant and environment interactions.

scholarly journals The Transferability of Western White Pine to and within British Columbia Based on Early Survival, Environmental Damage, and Juvenile Height

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Meagher ◽  
R. S. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Test Series ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Provenance Test ◽  
Late Spring Frost ◽  
Western White Pine

Abstract Survival, environmental damage, and juvenile height of 27 provenances of western white pine (Pinus monticola) in three plantation series were analyzed after 5 to 13 yr on site to assist in evaluating seed-transfer practices. Survival averaged 79.2% on nine sites in the "root-rot" series and 84.1% on six sites in the "provenance-test" series. Trends of survival on seed-source parameters differed between series, generally increasing with both elevation and latitude in the root-rot series, while generally decreasing with latitude in the provenance-test series. Analysis by seed zone (coast or interior) and plantation region (coast, southern interior, or northern interior) showed that coastal sources on interior sites caused much of these anomalies. Substantial environmental damage was found only on sites near to or beyond the species' northern limit. Differences in the trend of damage with source parameters were found between the test series: interior sources were damaged less than coastal sources on two root-rot sites, whereas interior sources were damaged more heavily than coastal sources on the provenance-test site exhibiting substantial damage. Damage increased with increasing provenance latitude and elevation in the root-rot series, while it dropped with increasing elevation in the "provenance-test" series. In general, taller seedlings in taller provenances were damaged. Coastal seed should not be used on interior sites, but transfer of seed from the BC interior to the BC coast seems safe. We recommend that the present limits for latitudinal transfer be doubled, except where late-spring-frost risk is high, and that elevational transfer of seeds for the interior zone be reduced by about half West. J. Appl. For. 14(1)41-47.

scholarly journals White Pine Blister Rust in British Columbia III. Effects on the Gene Pool of Western White Pine

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Hunt ◽  
J. F. Manville ◽  
E. von Rudloff ◽  
M. S. Lapp
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Western White Pine

Cluster analyses of relative terpene abundance in foliage of western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) trees from throughout the Pacific Northwest geographic range of the species were produced. Terpene patterns were randomly distributed among populations; no geographic or site trends were evident. Although blister rust is devastating to stands, the gene pool is widely distributed and may well be preserved without establishing gene banks.About 40-50 trees selected at random would yield offspring with nearly all possible terpene patterns characteristic of the species and would thus constitute a broad genetic base. Therefore seed orchards do not necessarily need to be composed of many individuals, rather, they should contain highly selected individuals with multiple desirable traits including multiple blister rust resistance mechanisms. Key words: terpenes, dendrogram

The pollination mechanism and development after bud burst of cones of Larix laricina

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1179-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Powell ◽  
Kathleen J. Tosh
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Scale Growth ◽  
Pollination Mechanism ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Cone Development ◽  
Micropylar Canal ◽  
Pollen Cone

Pollen-cone and seed-cone development, from bud burst to maturity, was investigated on Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch in three young plantations. The pollination mechanism was emphasized. Pollen cones grew rapidly to shed pollen, shrivelled, and remained on the trees for a year or more. Pollen was directed to the ovular regions by the bracts of the seed cones. Pollen adhered among papillae on the larger of two integument extensions. Degeneration of the centre of the papillate integument tip caused a collapse that drew pollen in as the papillate rim grew inward. This ingrowth was joined by that of the smaller integument extension, resulting in a sealed tubular structure that enclosed a dry micropylar canal. Pollen was held by the ingrown plug of degenerated tissue as the nucellus tip expanded into the base of the canal. As this occurred, the ovules, with or without pollination, grew to ultimate seed size, and the initially small ovuliferous scales overgrew the bracts. First bract, then ovuliferous-scale growth was associated with a double-sigmoid form of cone elongation. In mature cones the bracts decreased and the ovuliferous scales (except near the tip) increased in size acropetally. Key words: bract, integument, ovuliferous scale, pollen cone, seed cone, tamarack or eastern larch.

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