The distribution pattern of two juvenile hormone related compounds in Fraser fir and the induced response to a balsam woolly adelgid infestation

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1701-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Fowler ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Fred P Hain ◽  
John F Manville
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Attack Trees ◽  
Balsam Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Related Compounds

Two juvenile hormone related compounds (JRCs), juvabione and dehydrojuvabione, were isolated from Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poirit. Both juvabione and dehydrojuvabione concentrations had large variations across the tested trees and within trees. Juvabione, but not dehydrojuvabione, was much higher in stemwood then in branchwood. There was no significant difference in either chemical in relation to high, low, or middle branch position. To determine if juvabione concentration was influenced by an infestation of balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae Ratz., branches from infested and uninfested 11-year-old Abies fraseri with were sampled at the bottom, middle, and top branches of each tree. While mean juvabione concentrations for each infested fir were higher than their uninfested counterparts, only the infested middle tree sections had mean juvabione values that were substantially higher (p = 0.078) than the corresponding uninfested tree section of all the infested firs. The two infested Abies fraseri that maintained apical dominance demonstrated the highest upper branch levels of juvabione of all the infested. These results indicate that juvabione may be induced in small Abies fraseri in response to adelgid attack. Trees that produce large quantities of this compound may possess tolerance to the adelgid. Further research is needed to elucidate this possibility.

Size- and age-class distributions of Fraser fir following balsam woolly adelgid infestation

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 948-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
George F Smith ◽  
N S Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Regeneration Potential ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Great Smoky Mountains ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Advance Regeneration ◽  
Size And Age Structure ◽  
Smoky Mountains ◽  
Balsam Woolly Adelgid

Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) has suffered catastrophic mortality throughout most of its native range from an exotic insect, the balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae Ratz.). To assess the regeneration potential and viability of fir populations, overstory and understory Fraser fir size and age structure were analyzed. The data were collected from thirty-six 400-m2 permanent plots, stratified into four stand canopy composition types, established near the summits of five mountains in the Great Smoky Mountains. We found that, where canopy mortality was severe, fir advance regeneration was re-entering the overstory. In seriously impacted stands, mortality of large fir and increased recruitment have produced distributions characterized by few large fir and relatively high densities of small fir. Densities of 0- to 10-year-old fir seedlings and fir seedlings [Formula: see text]0.25 m tall were much lower in stands dominated by dead fir than in mostly intact fir stands. While the lack of reproducing adults appears to be the main cause, competition with invasive species and higher seedling mortality from environmental factors probably contribute. These results lead to a hypothesis that Fraser fir will undergo a regeneration-mortality cycle with a decrease in the numbers of each successive generation.

scholarly journals Recovery trends and predictions of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) dynamics in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Douglas Kaylor ◽  
M. Joseph Hughes ◽  
Jennifer A. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Great Smoky Mountains ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Balsam Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Hierarchical Bayesian Inference ◽  
Local Extirpation ◽  
Term Monitoring

The endemic Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) is found in only seven montane regions in the southern Appalachians above ca. 1500 m elevation. Due to widespread insect-caused mortality from the invasive balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae Ratzeburg), as well as possible impacts from climate change and atmospheric pollution, the future of Fraser fir populations remains uncertain. Long-term monitoring programs have been in place since the 1980s, and here we present the first predictive population models for endemic Fraser fir populations using the inventory data from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which contains 74% of extant Fraser fir forests. Using two kinds of population data (understory density counts and overstory census data), we model Fraser fir population dynamics on five different mountaintops as a stage-structured matrix model with transition parameters estimated using hierarchical Bayesian inference. We predict robust recovery over the next several decades for some Fraser fir populations, particularly where mature overstory fir has persisted throughout the last two decades, and continued decline for populations at the lowest elevations. Fraser fir densities are already low at these lower elevations, suggesting that this population is vulnerable to local extirpation.

DEVELOPMENT OF WOUND TISSUE IN THE BARK OF FRASER FIR AND ITS RELATION TO INJURY BY THE BALSAM WOOLLY ADELGID1

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Arthur ◽  
F. P. Hain
Keyword(s):  
Tree Age ◽  
Southern Appalachians ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Balsam Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Wound Tissue

A total of 89 Fraser fir, Abies fraseri Pursh. (Poir.), from seven locations in the southern Appalachians were tested for non-suberized impervious tissue (NIT) at artificial wound sites. All trees except one formed NIT in a time period that was considered normal (3 weeks), with no delays due to tree age, location or presence of balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). Although most Fraser fir react to adelgid attack by forming “rotholz” (red wood), a number of infested trees showed no visual signs of rotholz formation.

NMR studies on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. lignins

Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 488-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Yu. Balakshin ◽  
Ewellyn A. Capanema ◽  
Barry Goldfarb ◽  
John Frampton ◽  
John F. Kadla
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Coherence ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Multiple Quantum ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence ◽  
Balsam Woolly Adelgid

Abstract The composition of mature, juvenile uninfested and juvenile infested Fraser fir wood (Rotholz) and the structures of lignins isolated from these woods were elucidated to verify differences between juvenile and mature wood and the effect of balsam woolly adelgid (BWA) infestation. Milled wood lignin (MWL) isolated from mature, juvenile and Rotholz wood were comprehensively characterized using heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) and quantitative 13C NMR techniques. The Rotholz wood was found to have ∼13% higher lignin content and more than five-fold the amount of galactans than that of the uninfested wood. Rotholz lignin possesses higher amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl units and aliphatic OH groups and a lower amount of alkyl-O-alkyl linkages and dibenzodioxocin moieties. The degree of condensation of the Rotholz lignin was rather similar to that of normal wood. Only small differences in the structure of mature and juvenile wood components were found.

Distribution and abundance of Hemolivia mauritanica (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) and its vector Hyalomma aegyptium in tortoises of Iran

Biologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Javanbakht ◽  
Pavel Široký ◽  
Peter Mikulíček ◽  
Mozafar Sharifi
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Blood Parasite ◽  
Iranian Plateau ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Testudo Graeca ◽  
Vector Tick ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractDistribution pattern, prevalence and intensity of parasitaemia of heteroxenous apicomplexan blood parasite Hemolivia mauritanica and its vector tick Hyalomma aegyptium have been studied in 264 tortoises (212 Testudo graeca and 52 T. horsfieldii) throughout the Iranian territory. In T. graeca the highest prevalence and intensity of parasitaemia for H. mauritanica were recorded in the temperate mid and northern parts of the Iranian plateau, while the lowest values were found in the arid central part of Iran. No Hemolivia-positive samples were found in T. horsfieldii. Hyalomma aegyptium ticks were diagnosed in both tortoise species. The highest prevalence and intensity of infestation with H. aegyptium were recorded in western part of Iran, where climatic conditions are not so arid compared to central and eastern parts. No significant differences were found in intensity of parasitaemia of H. mauritanica between males and females. Similarly, no differences in intensity of parasitaemia were detected between different age groups (adults; more than 10 years, young; 5-10 years and juveniles; less that 5 years). Prevalence of H. mauritanica and H. aegyptium in adults was higher than in young and in juveniles. While intensity of infestation with H. aegyptium was significantly higher in adult tortoises compare to juveniles, no significant difference were found between intensity of H. aegyptium infestation in male and female tortoises.

Bionomics of the pine needle scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in southern Québec, Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Frdéric Guay ◽  
Amy Bernier-Desmarais ◽  
Jean-François Doherty ◽  
Conrad Cloutier
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Christmas Tree ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Status

AbstractThe pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), has the status of an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in Québec, Canada. The scale is not known to cause any significant damage yet and is not generally monitored by growers. However, it can be an obstacle for exportation to Christmas tree markets where scale insects are strictly regulated. In this study, we describe its life cycle in Christmas tree plantations in southern Québec. We confirm the presence of both parthenogenetic and sexual forms of the scale on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poiret (Pinaceae) grown as Christmas trees, and of parasitoid and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) specialists that could contribute to its control.

FTIR Analysis on Organic Sulfur Distribution: Aliphatic Mercaptans in Lignite, Prior and after Multistage Artificial Biotreatment Process

2015 ◽  
Vol 1130 ◽  
pp. 503-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismi Handayani ◽  
Yustin Paisal ◽  
Siti Khodijah Chaerun ◽  
Syoni Soepriyanto
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Organic Sulfur ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Sulfur Distribution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spectrum Distribution ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Aliphatic mercaptans (R-SH) are organic sulfur containing functional groups in coal maceral that makes up lignite. Prior and after specific bioprocess on the lignite, namely multistage artificial biotreatment (A-Bmt), organic sulfur rich lignite sample was treated and analyzed by spectroscopic methods. To determine the qualitative change in aliphatic mercaptans on lignite maceral surface, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method at transmittance spectrum of 400-4000 cm-1 was used on lignite sample in the form of pellet with a KBr mixture. The results of FTIR analysis indicate significant spectrum gradations between natural samples, samples from biooxidation, and samples from column bioflotation. This can be seen in the spectrum distribution pattern of transmittance at 620-690 cm-1 and 1530-1580 cm-1, which gradually and significantly change. The results of biotreatment with the addition of bioreagent Pseudoclavibacter sp. strain SKC/XLW-1 both at biooxidation and column bioflotation stage on A-Bmt method showed that there was a significant difference on spectrum pattern compared to the results with no biotreatment. The spectrum distribution pattern resulted from FTIR analysis also showed a strong correlation with the distribution pattern of decreased levels of organic sulfur and trace elements.

scholarly journals Genetic variation and population structure in Fraser fir (Abies fraseri): a microsatellite assessment of young trees

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 2128-2137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Potter ◽  
John Frampton ◽  
Sedley A. Josserand ◽  
C. Dana Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Fragmented Forest ◽  
Migration History ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Young Life ◽  
High Degree

The island-like populations of Fraser fir ( Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) have been isolated since the end of the late-Wisconsinian glaciation on the highest peaks of the Southern Appalachian Mountains and therefore offer an opportunity to investigate the genetic dynamics of a long-fragmented forest tree species. An analysis of eight microsatellite markers isolated from Fraser fir found that the species was out of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, with a significant deficiency of heterozygosity and a high degree of inbreeding (FIS = 0.223) relative to other conifers, perhaps associated in part with the young life stage of the trees included in the analysis. The analysis detected a significant but small amount of genetic differentiation among Fraser fir populations (FST = 0.004) and revealed that the geographical and latitudinal distances between populations, but not population area, were significantly correlated with their pairwise genetic differences. Both gene flow and postglacial migration history may have influenced the genetic architecture of the species. The results will be useful in the genetic conservation of Fraser fir, a species experiencing severe mortality following infestation by an exotic insect.

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