Chemical components and their locations in the Verticillium fungicola cell wall

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Calonje ◽  
M Novaes-Ledieu ◽  
D Bernardo ◽  
O Ahrazem ◽  
C García Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Immunofluorescence ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Carbohydrate Polymers ◽  
Verticillium Fungicola ◽  
Intermediate Layers

The chemical structure of cell walls and fractions of Verticillium fungicola, a pathogen of Agaricus bisporus, as well as their corresponding ultrastructures were studied. There are at least three chemically distinct types of carbohydrate polymers: one yielding mannose with lower amounts of galactose and glucose (glucogalactomannan), another one composed mainly of glucose (glucan), and a third one containing only N-acetylglucosamine (chitin). Attempts were made to locate these materials in situ by comparing electron micrographs of shadowed and sectioned cell walls, and also by indirect immunofluorescence. It was shown that none of these polymers constituted a completely physically distinct layer, but there seem to be different solubility properties in the outer, inner, and intermediate layers. It was also shown that fibrillar material (chitin) embedded in cementing glucan constituted the residual inner fraction of the original wall material. Indirect immunofluorescence showed the location of a significant amount of glucogalactomannan on the surface of the walls in which rodlet structures were visualized by electron microscopy.Key words: cell walls, polysaccharides, Verticillium fungicola.

scholarly journals Enzymic activity of the mycoparasite Verticillium fungicola on Agaricus bisporus fruit body cell walls

Microbiology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 143 (9) ◽  
pp. 2999-3006 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Calonje ◽  
C. Garcia Mendoza ◽  
B. Galan ◽  
M. Novaes-Ledieu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Enzymic Activity ◽  
Body Cell ◽  
Verticillium Fungicola

Verticillium disease or "dry bubble" of cultivated mushrooms: the Agaricus bisporus lectin recognizes and binds the Verticillium fungicola cell wall glucogalactomannan

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 729-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolores Bernardo ◽  
Amelia Pérez Cabo ◽  
Monique Novaes-Ledieu ◽  
Concepción García Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Immunofluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Vegetative Mycelium ◽  
Verticillium Fungicola ◽  
Dry Bubble ◽  
Cultivated Mushroom ◽  
Cultivated Mushrooms

The step of recognition and (or) binding for the development of the disease of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus by the mycoparasite Verticillium fungicola was studied by several approaches: agglutination of V. fungicola germinated spores by an A. bisporus extract from fruit body cell walls, immunofluorescence microscopy of A. bisporus hyphae from fruit bodies and vegetative mycelia pretreated with purified V. fungicola cell wall glucogalactomannan, and finally, by hemagglutination experiments carried out with an A. bisporus fruit body lectin in the presence and absence of the same glucogalactomannan. Hemagglutinating activity of the purified A. bisporus fruit body lectin was clearly inhibited by the V. fungicola glucogalactomannan, whereas in the A. bisporus vegetative mycelium such lectin was not encountered. All the results obtained make evident the recognition and binding of the A. bisporus fruit body lectin to the V. fungicola cell wall glucogalactomannan, clarifying why the mushrooms, but not the vegetative mycelium, become diseased.Key words: Agaricus bisporus lectin, Verticillium fungicola glucogalactomannan, mycoparasitism.

Synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy reveals the response of Sphagnum cell wall material to its aqueous chemical environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Ewen Silvester ◽  
Annaleise R. Klein ◽  
Kerry L. Whitworth ◽  
Ljiljana Puskar ◽  
Mark J. Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Chemical Environment ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Flowing Liquid ◽  
Infrared Microspectroscopy

Environmental contextSphagnum moss is a widespread species in peatlands globally and responsible for a large fraction of carbon storage in these systems. We used synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy to characterise the acid-base properties of Sphagnum moss and the conditions under which calcium uptake can occur (essential for plant tissue integrity). The work allows a chemical model for Sphagnum distribution in the landscape to be proposed. AbstractSphagnum is one the major moss types responsible for the deposition of organic soils in peatland systems. The cell walls of this moss have a high proportion of carboxylated polysaccharides (polygalacturonic acids), which act as ion exchangers and are likely to be important for the structural integrity of the cell walls. We used synchrotron light source infrared microspectroscopy to characterise the acid-base and calcium complexation properties of the cell walls of Sphagnum cristatum stems, using freshly sectioned tissue confined in a flowing liquid cell with both normal water and D2O media. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of acid and base forms are consistent with those expected for protonated and deprotonated aliphatic carboxylic acids (such as uronic acids). Spectral deconvolution shows that the dominant aliphatic carboxylic groups in this material behave as a monoprotic acid (pKa=4.97–6.04). The cell wall material shows a high affinity for calcium, with a binding constant (K) in the range 103.9–104.7 (1:1 complex). The chemical complexation model developed here allows for the prediction of the chemical environment (e.g. pH, ionic content) under which Ca2+ uptake can occur, and provides an improved understanding for the observed distribution of Sphagnum in the landscape.

Control of Hierarchically Ordered Positive and Negative Replicas of Wood Cellular Structures by Surfactant-Directed Sol-Gel Mineralization

2002 ◽  
Vol 726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongsoon Shin ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Li-Qiong Wang ◽  
Jeong Ho Chang ◽  
William D. Samuels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicic Acid ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cellular Structure ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Silica Particles ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Inner Surface

AbstractWe here report the synthesis of ordered ceramic materials with hierarchy produced by an in-situ mineralization of ordered wood cellular structures with surfactant-templated sol-gel at different pH. At low pH, a silicic acid is coated onto inner surface of wood cellular structure and it penetrates into pores left, where degraded lignin and hemicellulose are leached out, to form a positive replica, while at high pH the precipitating silica particles due to fast condensation clog the cells and pit structures to form a negative replica of wood. The calcined monoliths produced in different pHs contain ordered wood cellular structures, multi-layered cell walls, pits, vessels well-preserved with positive or negative contrasts, respectively. The surfactant-templated mineralization produces ordered hexagonal nanopores with 20Å in the cell walls after calcination.

Visualization of sporopollenin-containing pathogenic green micro-alga Prototheca wickerhamii by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryohei Ueno
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Oligonucleotide Probes ◽  
Logarithmic Growth Phase ◽  
Prototheca Wickerhamii ◽  
Algal Genus

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using taxon-specific, rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes is one of the most powerful tools for the rapid identification of harmful microorganisms. However, eukaryotic algal cells do not always allow FISH probes to permeate over their cell walls. Members of the pathogenic micro-algal genus Prototheca are characterized by their distinctive cell-wall component, sporopollenin, an extremely tough biopolymer that resists acid and alkaline hydrolysis, enzyme attack, and acetolysis. To our knowledge, there has been no report of the successful permeation by the oligonucleotide probes over the cell walls of unicellular green micro-algae, which contain sporopollenin. The DNA probes passed through the cell wall of Prototheca wickerhamii after treating the algal cells with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Most cells in the middle logarithmic growth phase culture fluoresced when hybridized with the rRNA-targeted universal probe for eukaryotes, though individual cells included in this culture differed in the level of cell-wall vulnerability to attack by the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, thus reflecting the different stages of the life cycle. This is the first report regarding the visualization of sporopollenin-containing, green micro-algal cells by FISH.

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