Responses of 2 epiphytic yeasts to foliar infection by Rhizoctonia solani or mechanical wounding on the phylloplane of tall fescue

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1160-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Nix ◽  
Leon L. Burpee ◽  
James W. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Phylloplane Yeasts

A growth-chamber experiment was conducted to determine how foliar disease or wounding affects the ability of 2 phylloplane yeasts ( Rhodotorula glutinis and Cryptococcus laurentii ) to colonize leaves of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea ). Yeasts were applied separately and together onto healthy leaves, leaves infected with Rhizoctonia solani (diseased), and mechanically bruised (wounded) leaves. In all 3 trials, the leaf disturbance treatment significantly affected the abundance of yeast on the phylloplane of tall fescue. Yeast abundance on the diseased or wounded leaves was significantly greater than on the nontreated, healthy leaves. In 2 of the 3 trials, the yeast species applied also had a significant affect on yeast abundance. Typically, R. glutinis was significantly more abundant than C. laurentii when applied individually, but not significantly greater than the total yeast colony-forming units of the co-inoculated treatment. When the 2 yeasts were co-inoculated onto the leaves, R. glutinis comprised 89.7%, 75.4%, and 67.6% of the recovered yeast colony-forming units on healthy, diseased, and wounded leaves, respectfully. Our data suggest that these 2 species of yeasts will differentially colonize compromised leaf tissue with disease or wounds favoring populations of R. glutinis over C. laurentii.

In vitro attachment of phylloplane yeasts to Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia homoeocarpa

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1041-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom W Allen ◽  
Leon L Burpee ◽  
James W Buck
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Sclerotinia Homoeocarpa ◽  
Phylloplane Yeasts

The ability of yeasts to attach to hyphae or conidia of phytopathogenic fungi has been speculated to contribute to biocontrol activity on plant surfaces. Attachment of phylloplane yeasts to Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia homoeocarpa was determined using in vitro attachment assays. Yeasts were incubated for 2 d on potato dextrose agar (PDA) prior to experimentation. A total of 292 yeasts cultured on PDA were screened for their ability to attach to conidia of B. cinerea; 260 isolates (89.1%) attached to conidia forming large aggregates of cells, and 22 isolates (7.5%) weakly attached to conidia with 1 or 2 yeast cells attached to a few conidia. Ten yeasts (3.4%), including 8 isolates of Cryptococcus laurentii, 1 isolate of Cryptococcus flavescens, and an unidentified species of Cryptococcus, failed to attach to conidia. All non-attaching yeasts produced copious extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) on PDA. Seventeen yeast isolates did not attach to hyphal fragments of B. cinerea, R. solani, and S. homoeocarpa after a 1 h incubation, but attachment was observed after 24 h. Culture medium, but not culture age, significantly affected the attachment of yeast cells to conidia of B. cinerea. The 10 yeast isolates that did not attach to conidia when grown on agar did attach to conidia (20%–57% of conidia with attached yeast cells) when cultured in liquid medium. Attachment of the biocontrol yeast Rhodotorula glutinis PM4 to conidia of B. cinerea was significantly greater at 1 × 107 yeast cells·mL–1 than at lower concentrations of yeast cells. The ability of yeast cells to attach to fungal conidia or hyphae appears to be a common phenotype among phylloplane yeasts.Key words: adhesion, biological control, Cryptococcus laurentii, Rhodotorula glutinis.

Effect of foliar disease on the epiphytic yeast communities of creeping bentgrass and tall fescue

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 853-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom W Allen ◽  
Habib A Quayyum ◽  
Leon L Burpee ◽  
James W Buck
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Community Size ◽  
Foliar Disease ◽  
Yeast Community ◽  
Epiphytic Yeast ◽  
Total Yeast

The effect of mechanical wounding or foliar diseases caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa or Rhizoctonia solani on the epiphytic yeast communities on creeping bentgrass and tall fescue were determined by leaf washing and dilution plating. Total yeast communities on healthy bentgrass and tall fescue leaves ranged from 7.9 × 103 to 1.4 × 105 CFU·cm–2 and from 2.4 × 103 to 1.6 × 104 CFU·cm–2, respectively. Mechanically wounded leaves (1 of 2 trials) and leaves with disease lesions (11 of 12 trials) supported significantly larger communities of phylloplane yeasts. Total yeast communities on S. homoeocarpa infected or R. solani infected bentgrass leaves were 3.6–10.2 times and 6.2–6.4 times larger, respectively, than the communities on healthy leaves. In general, healthy and diseased bentgrass leaves supported larger yeast communities than healthy or diseased tall fescue leaves. We categorized the majority of yeasts as white-pigmented species, including Cryptococcus laurentii, Cryptococcus flavus, Pseudozyma antarctica, Pseudozyma aphidis, and Pseudozyma parantarctica. The percentage of pink yeasts in the total yeast community ranged from 2.6% to 9.9% on healthy leaves and increased to 32.0%–44.7% on S. homoeocarpa infected leaves. Pink-pigmented yeasts included Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Sakaguchia dacryoidea, and Sporidiobolus pararoseus. Foliar disease significantly affected community size and composition of epiphytic yeasts on bentgrass and tall fescue.Key words: dollar spot, phylloplane, Rhizoctonia blight.

scholarly journals Impact of Bispyribac-sodium Application on Annual Bluegrass Control and Brown Patch Severity in Tall Fescue

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Matthew Cutulle ◽  
Jeffrey Derr ◽  
Adam Nichols ◽  
David McCall ◽  
Brandon Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Field ◽  
Brown Patch ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Application Rates

Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) is a problematic weed in tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire], with limited options available for postemergence control. Field research was conducted to evaluate bispyribac-sodium application rates (37 or 74 g ai·ha−1) (0.033 or 0.066 lb ai·A−1) and timings (March, April or May) as well as iron supplementation on brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani) severity, annual bluegrass control, and tall fescue quality. In general, applying bispyribac-sodium to tall fescue did not result in significantly more brown patch than in untreated plots in field trials. Applying bispyribac-sodium in March or April resulted in significantly higher annual bluegrass control than applications in May. In greenhouse experiments, bispyribac-sodium at 37 and 74 g ai·ha−1 (0.033 or 0.066 lb ai·A−1) was applied to brown patch-inoculated tall fescue plants. Under conditions of high inoculum and humidity in those greenhouse studies, applications of bispyribac-sodium increased the number of brown patch lesions relative to untreated plants. Tall fescue plant height was initially reduced after being treated with bispyribac-sodium; however, six weeks after application tall fescue plants in treated with herbicide were taller than the nontreated plants.

Short-term temporal dynamics of yeast abundance on the tall fescue phylloplane

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon S. Nix ◽  
Leon L. Burpee ◽  
Kimberly L. Jackson ◽  
James W. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Yeast Community ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Colonization Model ◽  
Phylloplane Yeasts

Six replicate trials were conducted to determine the short-term temporal dynamics and the effects of foliar applications of nutrients on the phylloplane yeast community of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). In each trial, 2% sucrose + 0.5% yeast extract solution or sterile deionized water (control) was applied to the experiment plots. Twelve hours post-treatment (at 0600 hours), leaf samples were collected and yeast colony-forming units (cfu) were enumerated by dilution plating. This process was repeated at 1200, 1800, and 2400 hours in each trial. Significant differences were observed between the number of yeast cfu and the time at which the samples were collected. On average, the number of yeast cfu recovered was significantly less at 1800 hours and significantly greatest at 2400 hours when compared with all other sampling times. Averaged over all time intervals, we observed a trend of increased yeast abundance in turf treated with the nutrient solution compared with control treatments. In a separate investigation, atmospheric yeast abundance above the canopy of tall fescue was assessed in the morning (0900) and in the afternoon (1500) using a Thermo Andersen single stage viable particle sampler. In 5 of the 6 trials of this experiment, atmospheric yeast abundance was significantly greater in the morning than in the afternoon. Results suggest the following colonization model: phylloplane yeasts on tall fescue reproduce during the late evening and early morning, stabilize during the late morning and early afternoon through exchange of immigrants and emigrants, and decline during the late afternoon and (or) early evening.

scholarly journals Conferred Resistance to an Acetolactate Synthase-inhibiting Herbicide in Transgenic Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1254-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroko Sato ◽  
Tadashi Takamizo ◽  
Tsutomu Shimizu ◽  
Kiyoshi Kawai ◽  
Koichiro Kaku
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Transgenic Tall Fescue

Herbicide-resistant turfgrass can be an efficient tool that will allow easier turf maintenance. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) is the first common enzyme in the biosynthetic pathways leading to the branched-chain amino acids, and amino acid substitutions in ALS have been known to confer resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. A two-point mutated rice ALS gene [OsALS (dm)] has been shown to confer strong resistance to bispyribac-sodium (BS), an ALS-inhibiting herbicide. In this study, we introduced into turf-type tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) the OsALS (dm) gene by using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for conferring herbicide resistance. Stable integration of the transgene was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Transgenic and wild-type plants were sprayed on the leaves with herbicide containing BS; approximately half of the transgenic plants were unaffected by the treatment and showed resistance to the herbicide, whereas the wild-type plants died. ALS activity in the leaf tissue of transgenic-resistant plants incubated with BS was almost equivalent to that in wild-type plants without BS and was higher than in wild-type plants incubated with BS. These indicate that the transgenic-resistant plants actively produced OsALS (dm) protein under herbicide treatment. This is the first report of herbicide-resistant transgenic tall fescue after introduction of a mutated ALS gene.

Effect of Brown Patch (Caused by Rhizoctonia solani) Control on Preemergence Herbicide Efficacy in Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea)1

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
JASON A. FERRELL ◽  
TIM R. MURPHY ◽  
LEON L. BURPEE ◽  
WILLIAM K. VENCILL
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Brown Patch

Sulfur and molybdenum nutrition effects in tall fescue

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Bush ◽  
J. E. Legget ◽  
M. J. King ◽  
J. E. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Nitrate Reductase Activity ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Absorption Process ◽  
Small Reduction ◽  
Uptake Studies

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) seedlings were grown in an intermittently irrigated gravel culture system in the greenhouse. Nutrient molybdate levels were 0, 0.1, or 0.21 μequiv./L with sulfate levels of 0 to 1.0 mequiv./L. Leaf tissue was harvested 28, 42, and 49 days after seeding. Molybdenum content of leaf tissue increased with increased solution Mo concentration. Increased solution SO42− levels increased tissue S and nitrate reductase activity (NRA), but decreased tissue Mo and NO3− content. When low tissue S was limiting NRA, and when Mo and NO3− were available, NRA was not increased by 2- to 4-h incubations of leaf tissue in SO42− solution. The MoO42− × SO42− interaction for tissue Mo concentration was significant and the effect of SO42− was relatively greater in the presence of Mo than in the absence of Mo.99Mo root uptake studies indicated the first increment of SO42− added to nutrient solution results in the greatest reduction in Mo accumulation. The data indicated that the greatest effect of SO42− on leaf Mo levels occurred during the absorption process with small reduction of Mo translocated from root to leaf tissue.

Isolation and identification of plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with tall fescue

2009 ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Monk ◽  
E. Gerard ◽  
S. Young ◽  
K. Widdup ◽  
M. O'Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a useful alternative to ryegrass in New Zealand pasture but it is slow to establish. Naturally occurring beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere can improve plant growth and health through a variety of direct and indirect mechanisms. Keywords: rhizosphere, endorhiza, auxin, siderophore, P-solubilisation

THE PERFORMANCE OF S170 TALL FESCUE IN CANTERBURY

1974 ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
B.R. Watkin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Selection Of

AN Aberystwyth selection of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), known as S170, was sown with certified New Zealand white clover (Trifolium repens) and re' clover (T. pratense) and compared under sheep grazing with other grass/clover pastures at the Grasslands Division Regional Station at Lincoln (Watkin, 1975) .

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