Radiolysis of ethyl iodide – chloromethane mixtures

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1273-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Leblanc ◽  
M. A. West ◽  
R. J. Woods ◽  
J. A. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethyl Iodide ◽  
Hydrogen Iodide ◽  
Absorbed Energy ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Chlorine Anion ◽  
Ion Molecule Reactions

Mixtures of ethyl iodide with chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and dichloromethane have been irradiated with 60Co γ-radiation. Reduced yields of iodine, hydrogen iodide, and hydrogen chloride from ethyl iodide – chloroform and ethyl iodide – dichloromethane mixtures and of chlorinated ethanes from ethyl iodide – chloroform are attributed to radical scavenging by iodine and dissociative electron capture by the chlorinated methane.Electron capture by carbon tetrachloride followed by ion–molecule reactions between ethyl iodide cations and ethyl iodide, or neutralization of these cations by chlorine anions, explains iodine yields observed at low ethyl iodide concentrations in carbon tetrachloride greater than those expected on the basis of partition of absorbed energy. In this mixture, neutralization of an ethyl iodide cation by a chlorine anion gives rise to an enhanced hydrogen chloride yield.

Radiolysis of ethyl iodide and carbon tetrachloride mixtures at 77°K

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1625-1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Leblanc ◽  
F. C. Thyrion ◽  
J. A. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin Resonance ◽  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Electron Spin ◽  
Ethyl Iodide ◽  
Ion Molecule Reactions ◽  
Positive Ions ◽  
Spin Resonance ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
The Difference

The radical yields of C2H5• and CCl3• observed by electron spin resonance of CCl4 + C2H5I mixtures irradiated by γ rays at 77°K are compared with yields of HCl, I2, and HI measured after thawing. The dissociative capture of thermalized electrons by CCl4 is extremely effective and accounts for most of the observed radicals. The difference between yields of HCl and CCl3• results from charge transfer from C2H5I+ to CCl3•. The formation of iodine proceeds both from neutralization processes of Cl− ions with positive ions formed from C2H5I, and from ion–molecule reactions.

Hepato- and Nephroprotective Effects of the Polyphenol Concentrate From Cabernet Sauvignon Grape Varieties Cultivated in Kazakhstan in the Experimental Model Of CCL4-Induced Toxicity

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurgozhin T. ◽  
Sergazy S. H. ◽  
Adilgozhina G. ◽  
Gulyayev A. ◽  
Shulgau Z. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Antioxidant Stress

Objective:This study investigates the hepatoprotective effect and the antioxidant role of polyphenol concentrate in the experimental model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced toxicity. Methods: Antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon grape polyphenol were evaluated by radical scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS.+). In addition, the effects of polyphenol concentrate on the survival of Wistar rats in the toxicity model, was also investigated. The polyphenol concentrate was administered for 5 five days prior to injection of carbon tetrachloride in a sub-lethal dose of 300 mg/kg of animal body weight in order to perform histological examinations of the liver and kidney, and detect the levels of AST, ALT and bilirubin. Results: Administration of polyphenol concentrate increased animal survival in the experimental model. Moreover, the intragastric administration of polyphenol concentrate prior to the initiation of the experimental model of toxicity, which was caused by a sub-lethal CCl4 dose, reduced morphological injuries in the liver and kidney, decreased the AST and ALT levels of the blood serum. Discussion and conclusion: Our data demonstrate that polyphenol concentrate possesses an antioxidant potential both in vitro and in vivo by reducing antioxidant stress that was caused by CCl4 administration into rats.

Kinetics studies on free radical scavenging property of ceria in polysulfone–ceria radiation resistant mixed-matrix membrane

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amita Bedar ◽  
Beena G. Singh ◽  
Pradip K. Tewari ◽  
Ramesh C. Bindal ◽  
Soumitra Kar
Keyword(s):  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Radiation Environment ◽  
Mixed Matrix Membranes ◽  
Mixed Matrix Membrane ◽  
Ceria Nanoparticles ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Mixed Matrix ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Host Matrix ◽  
Γ Radiation

Abstract Cerium oxide (ceria) contains two stable states of cerium ions (Ce3+ and Ce4+). The presence of these two states and the ability to swap from one state to another (Ce3+ ↔ Ce4+) by scavenging the highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from radiolysis of water, ensure the enhanced stability of polysulfone (Psf) membranes in the γ-radiation environment. In this study, the ROS scavenging ability of ceria was studied. Ceria nanoparticles were found to scavenge ROS like hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The H2O2 scavenging is due to the peroxidase-like catalytic activity of ceria nanoparticles. The ROS scavenging is responsible for offering protection to the Psf host matrix and in turn the stability to the Psf-ceria mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) in γ-radiation environment. Thus, presence of ceria nanoparticles provides an opportunity for utilizing Psf-ceria MMMs in ionizing radiation environment with increased life span, without compromise in the performance.

RADIATION CHEMISTRY OF CYCLOHEXANE: VI. DILUTE SOLUTIONS OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE AND CHLOROFORM IN CYCLOHEXANE

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Stone ◽  
P. J. Dyne
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Physical Process ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Radiation Chemistry ◽  
Hydrogen Yield ◽  
Halogenated Compounds ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms

A study of the effect of the addition of small amounts (<3.5%) of the halogenated compounds CCl4, CHCl3, and CDCl3 on the radiolysis of cyclohexane has shown that processes other than radical scavenging occur. At the lowest concentrations of solute that it was practical to employ (0.004 M) cyclohexyl radicals were scavenged without a corresponding reduction in the hydrogen yield. At higher solute concentrations G(H2) was reduced by a physical process which did not involve the scavenging of thermal hydrogen atoms but did lead to chemical reaction involving the solute.

Die Reaktion des weißen Phosphors mit Tetrachlorkohlenstoff unter dem Einfluß von Y-Strahlung, Licht und Wärme

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 703-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Perner ◽  
A. Henglein
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Main Product ◽  
Thermal Reaction ◽  
White Phosphorus ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Red Phosphorus ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
A Chain

Red phosphorus, phosphorus trichloride, trichloromethylphosphorus dichloride, hexachloroethane and a polymer consisting of carbon and chlorine are formed when solutions of white phosphorus in carbon tetrachloride are exposed to γ-radiation. Red phosphorus is the main product at room temperature. However, its yield rapidly decreases at higher temperatures and the yields of the low molecular weight products strongly increases. Typical G-values:The formation of the products PCl3 and CCl3PCl2 occurs by a chain reaction between phosphorus and carbon tetrachloride. A mechanism is proposed in which free radicals from the radiolysis of carbon tetrachloride attach the dissolved white phosphorus. The propagation of the chain is caused by chlorine transfer from carbon tetrachloride to partly trichloroalkylated or chlorinated phosphorus chains or rings. The activation energy of this transfer is found to be equal to 8.2 kcal/mole. This reaction with carbon tetrachloride is favored at high temperature while the competing process of the combination of those intermediate phosphorus chains and rings to give red phosphorus prodominates at low temperature. The red phosphorus formed contains one CCl3 group per 7 atoms of phosphorus. It was possible to synthesize trichloromethylphosphorus dichloride, trichloromethylphosphorus tetrachloride and trichloromethylphosphorus dibromide by treating the red phosphorus with chlorine or bromine, respectively.The thermal reaction between phosphorus and carbon tetrachloride also leads to PCl3 and CCl3PCl2 (ratio 1:3). Small amounts of red phosphorus and C2Cl6 could be traced too. The activation energy of the thermal reaction amounts to 22.2 kcal/moles. The photo reaction (visible light) leads to the same products. However, red phosphorus still is the main product at 100°C.

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