THE WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES OF DERMATOPHYTES: V. GALACTOMANNANS II FROM TRICHOPHYTON GRANULOSUM, TRICHOPHYTON INTERDIGITALE, MICROSPORUM QUINCKEANUM, TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM, AND TRICHOPHYTON SCHÖNLEINII

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (19) ◽  
pp. 2291-2297 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Bishop ◽  
M. B. Perry ◽  
F. Blank
Keyword(s):  
Trichophyton Rubrum ◽  
Structural Difference ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Branch Points ◽  
Trichophyton Interdigitale ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Polysaccharides obtained from each of the organisms designated in the title have been resolved into three groups: galactomannans I, galactomannans II, and glucans. The five galactomannans II were homogeneous under conditions of electrophoresis, and had positive specific rotations. Methylation and hydrolysis of the five galactomannans II yielded varying amounts of the following: 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannose, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose, 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose, 3,5-di-O-methyl-D-mannose, and 3,4-di-O-methyl-D-mannose. The galactomannans II were therefore very similar to each other in their gross structural features. The unbranched portions of the polysaccharides were formed by 1 → 2 and 1 → 6 linked α-D-mannopyranose units, with the former predominating. Branch points were formed through substitutions at the C-2 and C-6 positions of D-mannofuranose and D-mannopyranose, and branches were terminated by D-galactofuranose and D-mannopyranose units. The presence of 1 → 2 linked α-D-mannopyranose units in the linear portions of the galactomannans II constitutes a major structural difference between this group of polysaccharides and the galactomannans I. The two groups of galactomannans differ serologically.

THE WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES OF DERMATOPHYTES: IV. GALACTOMANNANS I FROM TRICHOPHYTON GRANULOSUM, TRICHOPHYTON INTERDIGITALE, MICROSPORUM QUINCKEANUM, TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM, AND TRICHOPHYTON SCHÖNLEINII

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Bishop ◽  
M. B. Perry ◽  
F. Blank ◽  
F. P. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Copper Complexes ◽  
Trichophyton Rubrum ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Branch Points ◽  
Terminal Units ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A group of polysaccharides, called galactomannans I, were precipitated as their insoluble copper complexes from aqueous solutions of the crude polysaccharides obtained from each of the organisms designated in the title. The five galactomannans I were homogeneous under conditions of electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation and had high positive specific rotations. The major constituent monosaccharide was D-mannose; amounts of D-galactose ranged from nil for the polysaccharide from T. rubrum to 13% for that from T. schönleinii. Methylation and hydrolysis of the five galactomannans I yielded varying amounts of the following: 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (not present in the products from T. rubrum), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannose, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose, 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose, 3,4-di-O-methyl-D-mannose, and 3,5-di-O-methyl-D-mannose. Periodate oxidation results agreed with the methylation studies. The gross structural features of each galactomannan I appear to be the same, namely, a basic chain of 1 → 6 linked α-D-mannopyranose units for approximately every 22 of which there is a 1 → 3 linked α-D-mannopyranose residue. Branch points occur along the 1 → 6 linked chain at the C2 positions of the D-mannopyranose units and once in every 45 units at the C2 position of a 1 → 6 linked D-mannofuranose residue. The D-galactose in the polysaccharides is present exclusively as non-reducing terminal furanose units; non-reducing terminal units of D-mannopyranose are also present. The variations in the identities and relative amounts of the non-reducing terminal units were the only apparent differences in the gross structural features within this group of polysaccharides.

THE WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES OF DERMATOPHYTES: VI. GLUCANS FROM TRICHOPHYTON GRANULOSUM, TRICHOPHYTON INTERDIGITALE, MICROSPORUM QUINCKEANUM, TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM, AND TRICHOPHYTON SCHÖNLEINII

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (19) ◽  
pp. 2299-2303 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Bishop ◽  
M. B. Perry ◽  
R. K. Hulyalkar ◽  
F. Blank
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Trichophyton Rubrum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Trichophyton Interdigitale ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobilities ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Polysaccharides obtained from each of the organisms designated in the title have been resolved into three groups: galactomannans I, galactomannans II, and glucans. The five glucans were homogeneous under conditions of electrophoresis, and had identical electrophoretic mobilities and infrared spectra. Methylation and hydrolysis of the glucans yielded varying amounts of the following: 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose, 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose, and 2,4-di-O-methyl-D-glucose. The glucans were therefore branched polysaccharides, with branches formed by substitution at the C-3 and C-6 positions of D-glucopyranose units and terminated by D-glucopyranose units. The linear portions of the glucans contained 1 → 6 and 1 → 3 linkages but in varying amounts. These differences and some variation in the degrees of branching constituted the only dissimilarities detectable in the glucans by these structural studies.

THE WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES OF DERMATOPHYTES: II. A GLUCAN FROM MICROSPORUM QUINCKEANUM

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 2621-2627 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Alfes ◽  
C. T. Bishop ◽  
F. Blank
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Minimum Degree ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Branch Points ◽  
Degree Of Branching ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A levorotatory glucan with a minimum degree of polymerization of 36 has been isolated from the water-soluble polysaccharides of the dermatophyte Microsporum quinckeanum. Hydrolysis of the methylated glucan yielded the following O-methyl-D-glucoses: 2,3,4,6-tetra-(10.2 mole%); 2,3,4-tri- (57.7 mole%); 2,4,6-tri- (22.2 mole%); 2,4-di- (8.2 mole%); and 2-mono- (1.6 mole%). The glucan consumed 1.53 moles of periodate with production of 0.70 mole of formic acid per mole anhydroglucose. Reduction and hydrolysis of the periodate-oxidized glucan yielded glycerol, erythritol, and D-glucose in a molar ratio of 72.3:0.6:27.1. The results showed that the glucan consisted of β-D-glucopyranose units joined in straight chains by 1 → 6 (57%) and 1 → 3 (24%) linkages. Approximately 3 in every 37 glucose residues constitute branch points in the glucan with branches occurring at the C6 and C3 positions of the same glucose unit. The glucan bears some resemblance to the yeast glucans of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans but differs from them in the relative number of 1 → 6 and 1 → 3 linkages and in the degree of branching.

THE WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES OF DERMATOPHYTES: III. A GALACTOMANNAN FROM TRICHOPHYTON INTERDIGITALE

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 2862-2871 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Blank ◽  
M. B. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Copper Complex ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Mild Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Trichophyton Interdigitale ◽  
Soluble Polysaccharide ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Mild Acid

The water-soluble polysaccharide preparation from Trichophytoninterdigitale was fractionated to give two distinct galactomannans and a glucan. A galactomannan isolated via its insoluble copper complex had [α]D +75° (water) and was composed of D-galactose (12%) and D-mannose (88%). On periodate oxidation, the galactomannan consumed 1.73 mole periodate and released 0.67 mole formic acid and 0.12 mole formaldehyde per anhydrohexose unit. Hydrolysis of the methylated galactomannan gave 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (1 part), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannose (1 part), 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose (4 parts), and3,4-di-O-methyl-D-mannose (2 parts). Mild acid hydrolysis of the galactomannan removed all the galactose residues, leaving a mannan having [α]D +84° (water) whose structure was analyzed by periodate oxidation and methylation techniques.

Structural features of a lipopolysaccharide isolated from Escherichiacoli 086:Kneg.

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (16) ◽  
pp. 2500-2508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prem Pal Singh ◽  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Branch Points ◽  
Mild Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Partial Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Glucan Chain ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Mild Acid

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prepared from Escherichiacoli 086:Kneg., in 5.5% yield contained D-galactose, D-glucose, L-fucose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, D-glucosamine, D-galactosamine, 2-keto-3-deoxy-octulosonic acid (KDO) and lipid A. The molecule appeared to be homogeneous as tested by free boundary electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and immunodiffusion against ′O′ specific E. coli antiserum. Methylation studies of the LPS and also of the degraded polysaccharides obtained by partial acid hydrolysis showed that the molecule was highly branched. Sixty percent of the D-galactose units were non-reducing terminal groups, the remainder were linked (1 → 3) and (1 → 2) and 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose was identified as a product of mild acid hydrolysis of the parent LPS. Fucose occurred in the polysaccharide as (1 → 4) linked units. Methylation results showed that the D-glucose units were linked (1 → 3) and (1 → 4). Partial acid hydrolysis yielded cellobiose, cellotriose, and laminaribiose, showing that the glucose units formed a glucan chain within the polysaccharide and that the glucosidic linkages were in the β-D-configuration. Approximately one half of the L-glycero-D-manno-heptose units occurred as non-reducing end groups, the other half were linked at C-3 and either one of C-6 or C-7. One half of the D-galactosamine units was linked (1 → 3) with the remainder occurring as double branch points. D-Glucosamine residues occurred exclusively in the lipid A moiety in a (1 → 4) linked core structure.

scholarly journals Optimizing Chitin Depolymerization by Lysozyme to Long-Chain Oligosaccharides

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Arnaud Masselin ◽  
Antoine Rousseau ◽  
Stéphanie Pradeau ◽  
Laure Fort ◽  
Rodolphe Gueret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Egg White Lysozyme ◽  
Hen Egg White ◽  
Ecological Transition ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Long Chain

Chitin oligosaccharides (COs) hold high promise as organic fertilizers in the ongoing agro-ecological transition. Short- and long-chain COs can contribute to the establishment of symbiotic associations between plants and microorganisms, facilitating the uptake of soil nutrients by host plants. Long-chain COs trigger plant innate immunity. A fine investigation of these different signaling pathways requires improving the access to high-purity COs. Here, we used the response surface methodology to optimize the production of COs by enzymatic hydrolysis of water-soluble chitin (WSC) with hen egg-white lysozyme. The influence of WSC concentration, its acetylation degree, and the reaction time course were modelled using a Box–Behnken design. Under optimized conditions, water-soluble COs up to the nonasaccharide were formed in 51% yield and purified to homogeneity. This straightforward approach opens new avenues to determine the complex roles of COs in plants.

scholarly journals Structural Similarities and Differences between Two Functionally Distinct SecA Proteins, Mycobacterium tuberculosis SecA1 and SecA2

2015 ◽  
Vol 198 (4) ◽  
pp. 720-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Swanson ◽  
Thomas R. Ioerger ◽  
Nathan W. Rigel ◽  
Brittany K. Miller ◽  
Miriam Braunstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Signal Peptide ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Structural Difference ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Suppressor Mutations

ABSTRACTWhile SecA is the ATPase component of the major bacterial secretory (Sec) system, mycobacteria and some Gram-positive pathogens have a second paralog, SecA2. In bacteria with two SecA paralogs, each SecA is functionally distinct, and they cannot compensate for one another. Compared to SecA1, SecA2 exports a distinct and smaller set of substrates, some of which have roles in virulence. In the mycobacterial system, some SecA2-dependent substrates lack a signal peptide, while others contain a signal peptide but possess features in the mature protein that necessitate a role for SecA2 in their export. It is unclear how SecA2 functions in protein export, and one open question is whether SecA2 works with the canonical SecYEG channel to export proteins. In this study, we report the structure ofMycobacterium tuberculosisSecA2 (MtbSecA2), which is the first structure of any SecA2 protein. A high level of structural similarity is observed between SecA2 and SecA1. The major structural difference is the absence of the helical wing domain, which is likely to play a role in howMtbSecA2 recognizes its unique substrates. Importantly, structural features critical to the interaction between SecA1 and SecYEG are preserved in SecA2. Furthermore, suppressor mutations of a dominant-negativesecA2mutant map to the surface of SecA2 and help identify functional regions of SecA2 that may promote interactions with SecYEG or the translocating polypeptide substrate. These results support a model in which the mycobacterial SecA2 works with SecYEG.IMPORTANCESecA2 is a paralog of SecA1, which is the ATPase of the canonical bacterial Sec secretion system. SecA2 has a nonredundant function with SecA1, and SecA2 exports a distinct and smaller set of substrates than SecA1. This work reports the crystal structure of SecA2 ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(the first SecA2 structure reported for any organism). Many of the structural features of SecA1 are conserved in the SecA2 structure, including putative contacts with the SecYEG channel. Several structural differences are also identified that could relate to the unique function and selectivity of SecA2. Suppressor mutations of asecA2mutant map to the surface of SecA2 and help identify functional regions of SecA2 that may promote interactions with SecYEG.

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