SALTING-IN BY QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 3232-3237 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Desnoyers ◽  
G. E. Pelletier ◽  
C. Jolicoeur
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Alkyl Group ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salts ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Ammonium Bromide ◽  
Structure Of Water ◽  
Organic Ions ◽  
Bromide Solutions

The solubility of benzene in substituted quaternary ammonium bromide solutions has been measured by ultraviolet absorption. The solubility is found to increase in the presence of such salts as R4−nHnN+Br− where R is an alkyl group and n varies between 0 and 3; a smooth transition in behavior is observed when passing from simple salts to long-chained micellar salts. This salting-in can be explained in terms of an association between the nonelectrolyte and the quaternary ammonium ion, which is induced by the increase in the structure of water near large nonpolar groups of the organic ions.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Surfactant Studies of Dialkyl Dimethyl Quaternary Ammonium Bromide Formulations

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocky Barney ◽  
Tony Stark ◽  
Dru Delaet
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salts ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Ammonium Bromide ◽  
Tertiary Amines ◽  
Alkyl Bromide ◽  
Component Systems ◽  
Multiple Component ◽  
Chain Lengths

Quaternary ammonium salts (otherwise known as quats) are commonly used active ingredients in biocide formulations used in the anti-microbial industry. Although quats have been established to be effective biocides, there are few studies investigating the maximization of biocidal efficacy in multiple component formulations using various carbon chain lengths. Reported here is the synthesis based on the Sn2 reaction of tertiary amines with alkyl bromide. Surfactant studies of the single and dual component systems were conducted, and the evaluation is explored.

CHOLINOLYTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE POISONING: III. THE EFFECTS OF QUATERNIZATION AND ALTERATION OF ANIONIC FUNCTION ON THE POTENCY OF CHOLINOLYTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF SARIN POISONING

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 2479-2491 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Coleman ◽  
P. E. Little ◽  
R. A. B. Bannard
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Alkyl Group ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salts ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Atropine Sulphate ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Anionic Group ◽  
Quaternary Salts

Twenty-one quaternary ammonium salts of cholinolytic drugs have been assessed for potency against Sarin poisoning in mice and rats in a treatment using N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methanesulphonate (P-2-S) as a reactivating oxime. Compounds examined included the methylbromides of six cholinolytics of known effectiveness and eight N-alkylbromides of Parpanit. An attempt was also made to assess the effect of different anions in both tertiary and quaternary salts of atropine and Parpanit.None of the quaternary salts exceeded the potency of atropine sulphate by a factor greater than 1.5 in trials with rats when the compounds were examined in combination with P-2-S, although similar tests in mice showed Trasentin methylbromide and Parpanit n-propylbromide to be more than 1.5 times as active as atropine sulphate. In trials where the compounds were used in conjunction with atropine sulphate and P-2-S, 10 raised the activity of atropine in mice by a factor exceeding 1.5, with the highest value (3.6) being obtained with Parpanit methylmethanesulphonate while in the rat trials 16 quaternaries were effective, the greatest increase (7.5-fold) being obtained with Parpanit benzylbromide.No conclusion on the relative effectiveness of quaternary salts versus their tertiary counterparts could be reached since protective capacity of the quaternary salts altered with the species used, the nature of the test, the cholinolytic, the type of alkyl group introduced, and, at least in the case of Parpanit, depended upon the nature of the anionic group present.

XRD Study of Hydrophlogopite Intercalated with Alkyl Quaternary Ammonium Salt

2010 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 330-335
Author(s):  
Hong Juan Sun ◽  
Tong Jiang Peng ◽  
Hai Feng Liu ◽  
Jin Mei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Chain Length ◽  
Ammonium Salt ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salt ◽  
Interlayer Spacing ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salts ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Ammonium Bromide ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Study

Hydrophlogopite was modified with sodium and then organically intercalated with a series of alkyl quaternary ammonium salts. The organically intercalated samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and the effect of alkyl quaternary ammonium salt on the interlayer spacing of hydrophlogopite was discussed. The results showed that if the same alkyl quaternary ammonium salt was used to intercalate hydrophlogopite, the interlayer spacing of hydrophlogopite increased gradually with the rise of the added amount of quaternary ammonium salt, and that if different quaternary ammonium salts with the same amount were used, the interlayer spacing increased gradually with the rise of the chain length of the alkyl quaternary ammonium salts. For the alkyl quaternary ammonium salts with large chain length (n>10), the inflection point for the increasing interlayer spacing of the intercalated hydrophlogopite is at about 0.5 times of CEC. When octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide is used as intercalation agent and the added amount is 5 times of CEC, the interlayer spacing of hydrophlogopite is relatively maximal.

CHOLINOLYTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE POISONING: III. THE EFFECTS OF QUATERNIZATION AND ALTERATION OF ANIONIC FUNCTION ON THE POTENCY OF CHOLINOLYTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF SARIN POISONING

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2479-2491 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Coleman ◽  
P. E. Little ◽  
R. A. B. Bannard
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Alkyl Group ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salts ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Atropine Sulphate ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Anionic Group ◽  
Quaternary Salts

Twenty-one quaternary ammonium salts of cholinolytic drugs have been assessed for potency against Sarin poisoning in mice and rats in a treatment using N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methanesulphonate (P-2-S) as a reactivating oxime. Compounds examined included the methylbromides of six cholinolytics of known effectiveness and eight N-alkylbromides of Parpanit. An attempt was also made to assess the effect of different anions in both tertiary and quaternary salts of atropine and Parpanit.None of the quaternary salts exceeded the potency of atropine sulphate by a factor greater than 1.5 in trials with rats when the compounds were examined in combination with P-2-S, although similar tests in mice showed Trasentin methylbromide and Parpanit n-propylbromide to be more than 1.5 times as active as atropine sulphate. In trials where the compounds were used in conjunction with atropine sulphate and P-2-S, 10 raised the activity of atropine in mice by a factor exceeding 1.5, with the highest value (3.6) being obtained with Parpanit methylmethanesulphonate while in the rat trials 16 quaternaries were effective, the greatest increase (7.5-fold) being obtained with Parpanit benzylbromide.No conclusion on the relative effectiveness of quaternary salts versus their tertiary counterparts could be reached since protective capacity of the quaternary salts altered with the species used, the nature of the test, the cholinolytic, the type of alkyl group introduced, and, at least in the case of Parpanit, depended upon the nature of the anionic group present.

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