AN EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE FROM GIBBERELLA FUJIKUROI (FUSARIUM MONILIFORME)

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1683-1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Siddiqui ◽  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Gibberella Fujikuroi ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Glucose Medium ◽  
Mannuronic Acid ◽  
Acid Protein ◽  
Furanose Form

Growth of Gibberellafujikuroi (Fusariummoniliforme) on a glucose medium produced au extracellular polysaccharide containing D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-glucuronic acid (molar ratio 1.0:1.1:1.3:0.6), and possibly D-mannuronic acid. Protein was retained tenaciously by the polysaccharide and several deproteinization methods reduced the nitrogen content only slightly. Methylation studies showed that the polysaccharide was highly branched with D-glucose and D-mannose forming the non-reducing ends in the molecule. Most of the D-mannose and D-galactose units were joined by 1 → 2 and 1 → 6 linkages with some branching also at C2 and C6 positions; D-galactose occurred exclusively in the furanose form. D-Glucose units were joined by 1 → 2 and 1 → 3 linkages. The D-glucuronic acid residues were mainly non-terminal and were attached to both D-galactose and D-mannose units. Periodate oxidation studies supported the foregoing conclusions.

STRUCTURE OF THE EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCED BY XANTHOMONAS ORYZAE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 2204-2213 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Misaki ◽  
S. Kirkwood ◽  
J. V. Scaletti ◽  
F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Sodium Borohydride Reduction ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Structural Significance ◽  
Molecular Proportion

The extracellular polysaccharide isolated from cultures of Xanthomonas oryzae is composed of D-glucose (5 molecular proportions), D-glucuronic acid (2 molecular proportions), and D-mannose (5 molecular proportions). Acid hydrolysis of this polysaccharide, which contains 0.3% combined pyruvic acid, yields 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid D-mannose, which has been characterized as its crystalline fully methylated β-glycoside. Hydrolysis of the methylated polysaccharide gives 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannose (3 molecular proportions), 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid (1 molecular proportion), 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose (4 molecular proportions), 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose (2 molecular proportions), 2,6-di-O-methyl-D-glucose (3 molecular proportions), 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-glucose (1 molecular proportion). The polyalcohol derived from the polysaccharide by periodate oxidation followed by sodium borohydride reduction gives upon acid hydrolysis glycerol (2 molecular proportions), erythritol (1 molecular proportion), and D-glucose (1 molecular proportion). The general structural significance of these findings is discussed.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF AZOTOBACTER INDICUM

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 2826-2835 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Parikh ◽  
J. K. N. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Linear Molecule ◽  
Partial Hydrolysis ◽  
Major Fraction ◽  
Sodium Metaperiodate ◽  
Unit Reduction ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The extracellular polysaccharide of the Azotobacter indicum has been shown to be a mixture of two polymers of which the acidic polymer was a major fraction. The acidic polymer contained D-glycero-D-mannoheptose in the molar ratio of 1:1:1 plus traces of mannose. It consumed 1 mole of sodium metaperiodate per mole of an average anhydroaldose unit and released 0.95 moles of formaldehyde per anhydroheptose unit. Reduction of the oxidized polymer followed by hydrolysis yielded D-glucose, glycerose, glycolaldehyde, and glycerol. Complete fission of the methylated polymer yielded 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, 2,4,6,-tri-O-methyl α-D-glucose and 3,4,6,7-tetra-O-methyl D-glycero-D-mannoheptose. Partial hydrolysis of the methylated polymer produced a methylated aldotriouronic acid composed of 1 mole each of 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose and 3,4,6,7-tetra-O-methyl D-glycero-D-mannoheptose. A methylated aldobiouronic acid was also produced and was shown to be composed of 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid and 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl D-glucose.On the basis of these results it is proposed that the polysaccharide is a linear molecule composed of repeating units of D-glucuronic acid, D-glucose, and D-glycero-D-mannoheptose.

ISOLATION AND SOME STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF A POLYSACCHARIDE FROM BIRCH SAP

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 2093-2100 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Urbas ◽  
G. A. Adams ◽  
C. T. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Plant Products ◽  
End Groups

A polysaccharide, precipitated by cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide from the non-dialyzable portion of birch xylem sap, contained D-galactose, D-mannose, and D-glucose in a molar ratio of 2:1.4:1 and small amounts of D-glucuronic acid. Periodate oxidation studies indicated that the polysaccharide was branched and contained a high proportion of periodate-resistant monosaccharides. This was confirmed by methylation and hydrolysis which yielded 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose (2.0 moles); 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose (0.9 mole); 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose (3.8 moles); unidentified tri-O-methyl hexose (1.2 moles); and 3,5-di-O-methyl-D-mannose (1.8 moles). The latter, a new di-O-methyl-D-mannose, snowed the presence of D-mannofuranose units in the polysaccharide. This, together with the 1 → 3 linked α-D-mannopyranose units, makes this polysaccharide unique among plant products. Immunochemical tests with antipneumococcal and antiparatyphoid B horse sera confirmed the presence of D-glucuronic acid and D-glucopyranose non-reducing end groups and supported the other structural conclusions by showing that there were few, if any, 1 → 4 and 1 → 6 linked D-mannopyranose units or D-galactopyranose non-reducing end groups.

THE CONSTITUTION OF A POLYURONIDE HEMICELLULOSE FROM WHEAT STRAW

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 698-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Acid Complex ◽  
Glycosidic Bonds ◽  
A Chain ◽  
End Group

The structure of a polyuronide hemicellulose from wheat straw containing xylose, arabinose, and hexuronic acid units has been investigated. Graded hydrolysis preferentially removed anhydro-L-arabinose units leaving a xylan to which uronic acid units were attached. Methylation and hydrolysis yielded 2,3,4-trimetliyl xylose (2.7%) indicating one nonreducing end group per 37 units; 2,3,5-trimethyl-L-arabinose, 2,3-dimethyl-D-xylose, and 2-methyl-D-xylose were found in a molar ratio 1:5:1. In addition, a methylated uronic acid complex was recovered which on extensive hydrolysis yielded an aldobiuronic acid. The latter, on reduction with sodium borohydride, yielded 2,3,4-trimethyl glucose (1 mole) and 2-methyl xylose (1 mole); the structure 2-methyl 3[2,3,4-trimethyl α-D-glucuronosido] D-xylose was therefore indicated for the methylated aldobiuronic acid.A structure for the hemicellulose is proposed which consists of approximately 32 anhydro-D-xylose units linked β 1,4- in a chain to which five anhydro-L-arabinose and three D-glucuronic acid units are attached as side groups by 1,3-glycosidic bonds. Results of periodate oxidation and estimation of reducing power support the proposed structure.

Isolation and characterization of a new extracellular polysaccharide from a cellulose-negative strain of Acetobacter xylinum

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svein Valla ◽  
Johs. Kjosbakken
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Acetobacter Xylinum ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Structural Parts

An extracellular, acidic polysaccharide has been isolated from the culture medium of a spontaneous cellulose-negative strain of Acetobacter xylinum. Chemical analysis shows that the polymer is composed of glucose, mannose, rhamnose, and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio approximating 3:1:1:1. No evidence for the presence of cellobiose units as structural parts in the polysaccharide has been found.

scholarly journals A Genetic Map of Gibberella fujikuroi Mating Population A (Fusarium moniliforme)

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-rong Xu ◽  
John F Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Gibberella Fujikuroi ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
Rflp Markers ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Mating Population ◽  
Spore Killer ◽  
Chiasma Interference

Abstract We constructed a recombination-based map of the fungal plant pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A (asexual stage Fusarium moniliforme). The map is based on the segregation of 142 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers, two auxotrophic genes (arg1, nic1), mating type (matA+ / matA−), female sterility (ste1), spore-killer (Sk), and a gene governing the production of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (fum1) among 121 random ascospore progeny from a single cross. We identified 12 linkage groups corresponding to the 12 chromosome-sized DNAs previously observed in contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gels. Linkage groups and chromosomes were correlated via Southern blots between appropriate RFLP markers and the CHEF gels. Eleven of the 12 chromosomes are meiotically stable, but the 12th (and smallest) is subject to deletions in 3% (4/121) of the progeny. Positive chiasma interference occurred on five of the 12 chromosomes, and nine of the 12 chromosomes averaged more than one crossover per chromosome. The average kb/cM ratio in this cross is ~32.

A POLYSACCHARIDE FROM THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA, ANABAENA CYLINDRICA

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 999-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Bishop ◽  
G. A. Adams ◽  
E. O. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Green Alga ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Blue Green Alga ◽  
Anabaena Cylindrica ◽  
Chemical Homogeneity ◽  
Fresh Water Alga

A complex polysaccharide has been isolated from the fresh-water alga, Anabaena cylindrica, grown in a synthetic culture medium. Prolonged acid hydrolysis yielded glucose, xylose, glucuronic acid, galactose, rhamnose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 5: 4: 4: 1: 1: 1. Chemical fractionations of the polysaccharide material from solution in cupriethylenediamine, and of its acetate from organic solvents indicated chemical homogeneity.

scholarly journals Structural studies on heparan sulphate from human lung fibroblasts. Characterization of oligosaccharides obtained by selective periodate oxidation of d-glucuronic acid residues followed by scission in alkali

1980 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Sjöberg ◽  
Lars-Ȧke Fransson
Keyword(s):  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Heparan Sulphate ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Lung Fibroblasts ◽  
Human Lung Fibroblasts ◽  
Iduronic Acid

1. 3H- and 35S-labelled heparan sulphate was isolated from monolayers of human lung fibroblasts and subjected to degradations by (a) deaminative cleavage and (b) periodate oxidation/alkaline elimination. Fragments were resolved by gel- and ion-exchange-chromatography. 2. Deaminative cleavage of the radioactive glycan afforded mainly disaccharides with a low content of ester-sulphate and free sulphate, indicating that a large part (approx. 80%) of the repeating units consisted of uronosyl-glucosamine-N-sulphate. Blocks of non-sulphated [glucuronosyl-N-acetyl glucosamine] repeats (3–4 consecutive units) accounted for the remainder of the chains. 3. By selective oxidation of glucuronic acid residues associated with N-acetylglucosamine, followed by scission in alkali, the radioactive glycan was degraded into a series of fragments. The glucuronosyl-N-acetylglucosamine-containing block regions yielded a compound N-acetylglucosamine–R, where R is the remnant of an oxidized and degraded glucuronic acid. Periodate-insensitive uronic acid residues were recovered in saccharides of the general structure glucosamine–(uronic acid–glucosamine)n–R. 4. Further degradations of these saccharides via deaminative cleavage and re-oxidations with periodate revealed that iduronic acid may be located in sequences such as glucosamine-N-sulphate→iduronic acid→N-acetylglucosamine. Occasionally the iduronic acid was sulphated. Blocks of iduronic acid-containing repeats may contain up to five consecutive units. Alternating arrangements of iduronic acid- and glucuronic acid-containing repeats were also observed. 5. 3H- and 35S-labelled heparan sulphates from sequential extracts of fibroblasts (medium, EDTA, trypsin digest, dithiothreitol extract, cell-soluble and cell-insoluble material) afforded similar profiles after both periodate oxidation/alkaline elimination and deaminative cleavage.

STRUCTURE OF A GALACTURONAN FROM SUNFLOWER PECTIC ACID

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1275-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Zitko ◽  
C. T. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Aqueous Methanol ◽  
Pectic Acid ◽  
Potassium Borohydride ◽  
Rate Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Fractions of sunflower pectic acid containing 89.8%, 94.2%, and 91.4% of D-galacturonic acid were carboxyl reduced as their methyl or ethylene glycol esters by potassium borohydride. Critical assessment of the effects of three different solvents (water, 80% aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide, and 80% aqueous methanol) on the efficiency of reduction showed that the latter solvent was best. The reductions caused a decrease in the degree of polymerization from 270 to 21. Measurement of the rates of hydrolysis of partially reduced pectic acids containing 90%, 41.6%, 19.9%, 11.0%, and 0.65% of D-galacturonic acid showed that the rate of hydrolysis was directly related to the proportion of galacturonosidic linkages present. Methylation and hydrolysis of the carboxyl-reduced pectic acid fractions yielded 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose and 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose in an approximate molar ratio of 1:20. Results of the periodate oxidation of the carboxyl-reduced pectic acid supported the conclusion inferred from the methylation results that the pectic acid was a linear polymer of 1 → 4 linked α-D-galacturonic acid units.

Structural Investigations on a Cell-Wall Lipopolysaccharide from Neisseria sicca

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Lipid A ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Structural Investigations ◽  
Acid Protein ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Backbone Structure ◽  
Neisseria Sicca ◽  
Fourfold Excess ◽  
Phosphate Groups

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prepared from Neisseria sicca in 1.5% yield contained D-glucose, D-glucosamine, D-galactosamine, 3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, protein, lipid A, and phosphate. The molecule was judged to be homogeneous as tested by free boundary electrophoresis. D-Galactosamine was associated exclusively with the polysaccharide portion of the molecule and was in fourfold excess of D-glucosamine. The latter hexosamine was primarily a constituent of the lipid A moiety in which it formed the backbone structure linked glycosidically 1 → 4. To this structure, fatty acids, principally β-hydroxymyristic acid and β-hydroxylauric acid, were linked along with phosphate groups. The D-glucosamine units in the polysaccharide portion of the LPS molecule were also attached by 1 → 4 glycosidic linkages. D-Galactosamine units did not survive the methylation procedures due presumably to the lack of acyl protecting groups on its amino groups. Methylation results showed that approximately one-third of the D-glucose units were nonreducing end groups, approximately one-third were linked α1 → 2, a small proportion was linked 1 → 4, and the remainder was branched through C-3, C-4, and C-6. Periodate oxidation results were in agreement with the structure proposed on the basis of the methylation data. The LPS of N. sicca was considerably simpler than that of N. perflava and lacked heptose, rhamnose, and ethanolamine components.

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