RADIOLYSIS OF TETRACHLOROETHYLENE

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Sutherland ◽  
J. W. T. Spinks
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Oxalyl Chloride ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
A Chain

When tetrachloroethylene is irradiated with Co60 gamma rays in the presence of oxygen or air, the main products are trichloroacetyl chloride, phosgene, and oxalyl chloride. The reaction is a chain reaction. Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.

THE ACTION OF Co60 GAMMA RAYS AND OF FENTON'S REAGENT ON AQUEOUS BROMAL HYDRATE SOLUTIONS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1475-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Woods ◽  
J. W. T. Spinks
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Hydrobromic Acid ◽  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
Fenton’S Reagent ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Fenton's Reagent ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Co60 Gamma

Aqueous bromal hydrate solutions have been irradiated with Co60 gamma rays and the production of acid measured. The effect of bromal hydrate concentration, dose rate, pH, and temperature upon the yield of acid has been determined. Major products of the radiolysis have been identified and are compared with those formed when aqueous bromal hydrate solutions are treated with Fenton's reagent, a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulphate solutions. It has been shown that Fenton's reagent will initiate a chain reaction in aqueous bromal hydrate solutions which produces hydrobromic acid.

IRRADIATION OF ONE MOLAR AQUEOUS CHLORAL HYDRATE SOLUTION WITH Co60-GAMMA-RAYS AND BETATRON X RAYS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1164-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Freeman ◽  
A. B. Van Cleave ◽  
J. W. T. Spinks
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Specific Yield ◽  
Square Root ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Peak Energy ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Co60 Gamma

The production of acid by irradiation of 1 M chloral hydrate solutions is proportional to the dose at a given dose rate. The specific yield is the same for Co60 γ-rays as for 23 Mev. peak energy X rays and is a linear function of the inverse of the square root of the close rate. The reaction is apparently a chain reaction.

IRRADIATION OF AQUEOUS CHLORAL HYDRATE SOLUTIONS WITH Co60 GAMMA-RAYS: AVERAGE LIFETIME OF THE FREE RADICAL CHAINS

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Freeman ◽  
A. B. Van Cleave ◽  
J. W. T. Spinks
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Radical Chain ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Co60 Gamma

When aqueous one molar chloral hydrate solutions are irradiated with X rays or gamma-rays, hydrochloric acid is produced. The reaction appears to be a chain reaction. The average free radical chain lifetime, as determined using a rotating sector, is approximately 0.1 sec.

Observations on a Relationship between Steroid Metabolism and the Concentration of Plasma Fibrinogen

1963 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 400-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A Amundson ◽  
L. O Pilgeram
Keyword(s):  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Plasma Fibrinogen ◽  
Steroid Metabolism ◽  
Specific Site ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
A Chain

SummaryEnovid (5 mg norethynodrel and 0.075 mg ethynylestradiol-3-methyl ether) therapy in young normal human subjects causes an increase in plasma fibrinogen of 32.4% (P >C 0.001). Consideration of this effect together with other effects of Enovid on the activity of specific blood coagulatory factors suggests that the steroids are exerting their effect at a specific site of the blood coagulation and/or fibrinolytic system. The broad spectrum of changes which are induced by the steroids may be attributed to a combination of a chain reaction and feed-back control.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-93
Author(s):  
Khalid O. Alfarouk ◽  
Sari T. S. AlHoufie ◽  
Samrein B. M. Ahmed ◽  
Mona Shabana ◽  
Ahmed Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Organ Failure ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Road Map ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Global War

COVID-19, occurring due to SARS-COV-2 infection, is the most recent pandemic disease that has led to three million deaths at the time of writing. A great deal of effort has been directed towards altering the virus trajectory and/or managing the interactions of the virus with its subsequent targets in the human body; these interactions can lead to a chain reaction-like state manifested by a cytokine storm and progress to multiple organ failure. During cytokine storms the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory mediators is generally increased, which contributes to the instigation of hyper-inflammation and confers advantages to the virus. Because cytokine expression patterns fluctuate from one person to another and even within the same person from one time to another, we suggest a road map of COVID-19 management using an individual approach instead of focusing on the blockbuster process (one treatment for most people, if not all). Here, we highlight the biology of the virus, study the interaction between the virus and humans, and present potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological modulators that might contribute to the global war against SARS-COV-2. We suggest an algorithmic roadmap to manage COVID-19.

Influence of initiation mode on stability and control of a chain reaction

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 1197-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Chen ◽  
P. A. Chartier ◽  
S. Setthachayanon
Keyword(s):  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Stability And Control ◽  
A Chain ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals On the explosion of chain-thermal reactions

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. O. Ayeni
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Asymptotic Analysis ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
Homogeneous Model ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Isothermal Reaction ◽  
Thermal Reactions ◽  
Spatially Homogeneous ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
A Chain

AbstractA chain reaction of oxygen (reactant) and hydrogen (active intermediary) with mtrosyl chloride (sensitizer) as a catalyst may be modelled mathematically as a non-isothermal reaction. In this paper we present an asymptotic analysis of a spatially homogeneous model of a non-isothermal branched-chain reaction. Of particular interest is the so-called explosion time and we provide an upper bound for it as a function of the activation energy which can vary over all positive values. We also establish a bound on the temperature when the activation energy is finite.

scholarly journals Synthesis of polylactic acid-diol (PLA-diol) from lactic acid and 1,4-butanediol

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
Ha Thi Thai La
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Biodegradable Polymer ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Chain Extension ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
A Chain

In this research, the PLA-diol were synthesized from lactic acid (LA) and 1.4 butanediols (BD) with a tin octoate Sn(Oct)2 catalyst at a temperature of 180 °C and the pressure 5 mmHg. The structure and properties of PLA-diol are analyzed by the following methods: GPC, 1H-NMR and DSC. As a result, with the change in the content of Sn (Oct)2 from 0.1 to 1.0%, the molecular weight Mn of PLA - diol increased gradually from 4.119,2 to 7.359,6 g / mol . In addition, the BD content increased from 2.0% to 5.0%, the average molecular weight of the product decreased gradually from 7.536,9 g / mol to 4.735 g / mol, respectively. This change will affect the ability to use PLA-diol in the next denaturation research to apply in the field of biodegradable polymer such as copolymer with polyurethane, copolymer with polyethylene glycol diacid, or chain extension with other polymer in a chain reaction,...

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document