Identifying hydraulically conductive fractures with a slow-velocity borehole flowmeter

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred E. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Granitic Rock ◽  
Heat Pulse ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Borehole Geophysics ◽  
Slow Velocity ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
A Site ◽  
Flowmeter System ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. Geological Survey used a recently developed heat-pulse flowmeter to measure very slow borehole axial water velocities in granitic rock at a site near Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba, Canada. The flowmeter was used with other geophysical measurements to locate and identify hydraulically conducting fractures contributing to the very slow vertical water flow in the two boreholes selected for study. The heat-pulse flowmeter has no moving parts and operates on the tag–trace principle. It is an improved version of the flowmeter developed by the Water Research Centre in England in 1975. The U.S. Geological Survey's heat-pulse flowmeter has a flow-measuring range in water of 0.06–6 m/min, and can resolve velocity differences as slow as 0.01 m/min. This is an order of magnitude slower than the stall speed of spinner flowmeters. The flowmeter is 1.16 m long and 44 mm in diameter. It was calibrated in columns of 76 and 152 mm diameter, to correspond to the boreholes studied. The heat-pulse flowmeter system is evaluated, and problems peculiar to the measurement of very slow axial water velocities in boreholes are discussed. Key words: flowmeter, borehole flow, low flow, borehole geophysics.

scholarly journals Using the SWEPT Methodology for a Preliminary Wind Potential Estimation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Menet
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Rayleigh Distribution ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Technical Data ◽  
Wind Potential ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
General Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Site

The implantation of wind turbines generally follows a wind potential study which is made using specific numerical tools; the generated expenses are only acceptable for great projects. The purpose of the present paper is to propose a simplified methodology for the evaluation of the wind potential, following three successive steps for the determination of (i) the mean velocity, either directly or by the use of the most occurrence velocity (MOV); (ii) the velocity distribution coming from the single knowledge of the mean velocity by the use of a Rayleigh distribution and a Davenport-Harris law; (iii) an appropriate approximation of the characteristic curve of the turbine, coming from only two technical data. These last two steps allow calculating directly the electric delivered energy for the considered wind turbine. This methodology, called the SWEPT approach, can be easily implemented in a single worksheet. The results returned by the SWEPT tool are of the same order of magnitude than those given by the classical commercial tools. Moreover, everybody, even a “neophyte,” can use this methodology to obtain a first estimation of the wind potential of a site considering a given wind turbine, on the basis of very few general data.

Contending with Carcerality: Discursive Resistance to Elite Appropriation of Antiviolence Activism in Indian Media

2021 ◽  
pp. 107780122110260
Author(s):  
Chiara C. Packard
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Cultural Struggle ◽  
Carceral Feminism ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
A Site ◽  
The U.S

Research has revealed how antiviolence activism can become entangled with the state's punitive agenda, leading to what some have called “carceral feminism.” However, this scholarship focuses primarily on the U.S. context. Additionally, few studies examine the cultural battles about gender-based violence that emerge in television media, a site of cultural struggle and meaning making. This study conducts a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of 46 Indian television panel broadcasts following a highly publicized rape in New Delhi in 2012. I find that elite state actors pursue punitive agendas, but feminists and other panelists engage in discursive resistance to this approach.

crease the proportion of machine sources in the near future. If radiation process­ ing continues to grow, the shortage of Co, which has caused some delays in deliveries in the past, will become more acute. This also points to an increasingly important role for electron accelerators. Generalizing conclusions about the relative economics of different types of irradiation may be misleading because the relative costs of different radiation facilities are considerably affected by local conditions such as costs of electricity, labor, transportation, and construction. The economics of operation also depends on the use level of a facility. Where operations can be continued day and night for months a year a radionuclide source may be more economic, however, where intermittent operations are more likely a machine source may be more advanta­ geous. Sociopolitical considerations relate to the observation that in some countries it is getting more and more difficult to overcome local opposition to the installation of new radioisotope sources. Fears for the safety of the environment in shipping and storing large inventories of 60Co or 137Cs are often cited as the main reason for this opposition. Regardless of whether these fears are justified, planners cannot disregard them. As an example, the National Food Processors Association (NFPA), with support from the U.S. Department of Energy, negotiated in the summer of 1985 for a site in Dublin, California, to build a demonstration and training facility for food irradiation, using 3 million Ci of ,Cs. The opposition

1995 ◽  
pp. 45-45
Keyword(s):  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Food Irradiation ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Electron Accelerators ◽  
Local Opposition ◽  
A Site ◽  
Near Future ◽  
And Training ◽  
Radionuclide Source ◽  
The U.S

Cold War, Bottom-up: The 1956 Catholicos Election

2020 ◽  
pp. 126-166
Author(s):  
Tsolin Nalbantian
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Top Down ◽  
War Powers ◽  
Internal Politics ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The U.S

Chapter 3 examines the 1956 Catholicos election in Lebanon.While the excitement and success of the repatriation movement was a public relations victory for the USSR supported by local Armenian institutions and assisted by Lebanese and Syrian governments, this election became a site of contestation by Cold War powers and by their state and non-state allies and proxies in the Middle East. This analysis allows us to look at the Cold War in the Middle East not from the top down, through the eyes of Washington or Moscow (or Lebanon’s or Egypt’s state authorities, for that matter) during flash points like the 1958 U.S. intervention in Lebanon or the U.S. and Soviet reactions to the Tripartite Aggression against Egypt in 1956. Rather, in that election, Armenians made use of Cold War tensions to designate a leader of the Armenian Church who was seen to suit the community’s interests. That story also expands our understanding of Lebanon’s Armenians: from refugees and outsiders in national politics to true participants, whose own internal politics, moreover, were of interest to Lebanon’s authorities and who by now felt free to invade and use public spaces beyond their own neighborhoods to make political statements.

Evaluation of an in situ early life stage test with cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki, for environmental monitoring – a case study using mine effluent

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Chalmers ◽  
J. Elphick ◽  
G. Gilron ◽  
H. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Mine Effluent ◽  
A Site

This study evaluated an in situ early life stage test using cutthroat trout for potential use in Canada's Metal Mines Effluent Regulations' Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) program. Current field monitoring approaches focus on either adult fish surveys or mesocosm studies, but both of these have inherent limitations that may affect their suitability on a site-specific basis. This study evaluated an alternative approach, namely an in situ toxicity test, as part of an EEM program for a zinc, copper and gold mine. Hatchboxes containing cutthroat trout embryos were placed in a creek that receives treated effluent from the mine, and monitored through the swim-up stage to evaluate hatching success, survival, normal development and growth. Advantages of the method include: no feeding requirement during exposure, fixed exposure locations, relevant endpoints and high statistical sensitivity. In addition, the extended exposure period integrated long-term exposure variables, including low-flow and freshet events. This approach also has application to other salmonid species and types of discharges.

Extent Of Metabolic Changes During Ischemia

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Schröer ◽  
F Nüdemberg ◽  
K Rudolphi
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Special Technique ◽  
Muscle Exercise ◽  
Ischemic Pain ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Ischemic conditions in limbs can be provoked by occlusion with inflatable cuffs. The period of development of ischemia to an extent where muscle exercise is no longer possible is drastically shortened by muscle exercise itself. Blood obtained by venepuncture of the forearm under these conditions showed no differences in pH, PO2. pCO2 , and lactate and glucose levels in comparison with the blood taken before occlusion A special technique of blood sampling under low flow flushing conditions was developed, by which blood reflecting the ischemic state is obtained nearly without dilution from the cubital vein. This is demonstrated by measurements of pH, pO2 , pCO2, lactate concentration and osmolarity, which, under the latter conditions, revealed changes of about 0.3 pH units, 20 mm Hg, 80 mm Hg, 90 mg/dl, and 30 mosm/1 respectively. The extent of local changes of these parameters in the microcirculation of muscle tissue in the state of ischemic pain is suggested to be of the same order of magnitude.

scholarly journals Biases in Thorpe-Scale Estimates of Turbulence Dissipation. Part I: Assessments from Large-Scale Overturns in Oceanographic Data

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 2497-2521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin D. Mater ◽  
Subhas K. Venayagamoorthy ◽  
Louis St. Laurent ◽  
James N. Moum
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Luzon Strait ◽  
Length Scale ◽  
Ensemble Averaging ◽  
Tidal Period ◽  
Thorpe Scale ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
A Site

AbstractOceanic density overturns are commonly used to parameterize the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy. This method assumes a linear scaling between the Thorpe length scale LT and the Ozmidov length scale LO. Historic evidence supporting LT ~ LO has been shown for relatively weak shear-driven turbulence of the thermocline; however, little support for the method exists in regions of turbulence driven by the convective collapse of topographically influenced overturns that are large by open-ocean standards. This study presents a direct comparison of LT and LO, using vertical profiles of temperature and microstructure shear collected in the Luzon Strait—a site characterized by topographically influenced overturns up to O(100) m in scale. The comparison is also done for open-ocean sites in the Brazil basin and North Atlantic where overturns are generally smaller and due to different processes. A key result is that LT/LO increases with overturn size in a fashion similar to that observed in numerical studies of Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) instabilities for all sites but is most clear in data from the Luzon Strait. Resultant bias in parameterized dissipation is mitigated by ensemble averaging; however, a positive bias appears when instantaneous observations are depth and time integrated. For a series of profiles taken during a spring tidal period in the Luzon Strait, the integrated value is nearly an order of magnitude larger than that based on the microstructure observations. Physical arguments supporting LT ~ LO are revisited, and conceptual regimes explaining the relationship between LT/LO and a nondimensional overturn size are proposed. In a companion paper, Scotti obtains similar conclusions from energetics arguments and simulations.

Dry Etching of InGaP and AlInP in CH4/H2/Ar

1996 ◽  
Vol 421 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Lee ◽  
S. J. Pearton ◽  
C. J. Santana ◽  
E. S. Lambers ◽  
C. R. Abernathy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Etching ◽  
Cyclotron Resonance ◽  
Electron Cyclotron Resonance ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Ecr Plasma ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Etch Stop ◽  
Etch Rates ◽  
Ecr Plasma Etching

AbstractElectron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) plasma etching with additional if-biasing produces etch rates ≥ 2,500Å/min for InGaP and AlInP in CH4/H2/Ar. These rates are an order of magnitude or much higher than for reactive ion etching conditions (RIE) carried out in the same reactor. N2 addition to CH4/H2/Ar can enhance the InGaP etch rates at low flow rates, while at higher concentrations it provides an etch-stop reaction. The InGaP and AtlnP etched under ECR conditions have somewhat rougher morphologies and different stoichiometries up to ˜200Å from the surface relative to the RIE samples.

Contradictions in Creating a Jihadi Capital: Sokoto in the Nineteenth Century and Its Legacy

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray Last
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Rural Town ◽  
Political Center ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sokoto Caliphate ◽  
A Site ◽  
The U.S

Abstract:The Sokoto caliphate in nineteenth-century northern Nigeria was an astonishing episode in the history of Africa: a huge, prosperous polity that created unity where none had existed before. Yet today its history is underexplored, sometimes ignored or even disparaged, both within Nigeria and in Europe and the U.S. Yet that history is extraordinary. Sokoto town was, and still is, an anomaly within Hausaland; built speedily on a “green-field” site as both a trading and a political center for the caliphate, it is a site of pilgrimage that to this day remains a rural town with no monumental buildings or fine edifices. As a by-product of a religious movement (jihad), Sokoto thus represents many of the dilemmas that faced and still face radically reforming Islamic groups if they expand rapidly and go to war. Thus Sokoto history remains deeply significant for modern Nigeria.

scholarly journals Use of a high resolution magnetic map by a short distance migrant, the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris)?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Diego-Rasilla ◽  
John B. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Magnetic Compass ◽  
Diffuse Illumination ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Testing Site ◽  
Alpine Newt ◽  
A Site ◽  
Ichthyosaura Alpestris

Newts can use spatial variation in the magnetic field (MF) to derive geographic position, but it is unclear how they detect the ‘spatial signal’ which, over the distances that newts move in a day, is an order of magnitude lower than temporal variation in the MF. Newts take map readings using their light-dependent magnetic compass to align a magnetite-based ‘map detector’ relative to the MF. Time-of-day, location, and light exposure (required by the magnetic compass) were varied to determine when newts obtain map information. Newts were displaced from breeding ponds without access to route-based cues to sites where they were held and/or tested under diffuse natural illumination. We found that: (1) newts held overnight at the testing site under diffuse illumination exhibited accurate homing orientation, but not if transported to the testing site on the day of testing, (2) newts held overnight under diffuse lighting at a ‘false testing site’ and then tested at a site located in a different direction from their home pond, oriented in the home direction from the holding site, not from the site where they were tested, (3) newts held overnight in total darkness (except for light exposure for specific periods) only exhibited homing orientation the following day if exposed to diffuse illumination during the preceding evening twilight in the ambient MF. These findings demonstrate that, to determine the home direction, newts require access to light and the ambient MF during evening twilight when temporal variation in the MF is minimal.

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