Closed-system freezing of soil in earth dams and canals

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester W. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Closed System ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Earth Dams ◽  
Embankment Dams ◽  
Loose Soil ◽  
Soil Structures ◽  
Earth Embankment ◽  
Frost Depth ◽  
Laboratory Experiences

Field and associated laboratory experiences with closed-system freezing in earth embankment dams and canals are presented. This type of freezing can cause a redistribution of soil density and moisture, which needs to be considered in the design of soil structures used as water barriers in cold regions. Frost-depth measurements made during the winter of 1978–1979 on two earth dams during interruption of their construction and on the Teton Dam remnant in the State of Idaho, U.S.A., are shown, along with associated soil conditions, air-freezing indexes, and insulating effects of snow and, for one dam, a loose soil cover. Some trends of density and moisture changes near the embankment surfaces were established. Keeping in mind known effects of freezing on soils, the paper raises questions about possible changes in soil density and shrinkage of embankments in contact with bedrock abutments that might adversely affect the safety of earth dams.Key words: dams (earth), canals, frost action, frost protection, soil density, soil moisture, soil shrinkage, soil tests, Teton Dam.

scholarly journals Addition Effect of Petrasoil Additive Material on CBR Value of Soil in Swamp Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andi Herius ◽  
Indrayani Indrayani Indrayani ◽  
Arfan Hasan ◽  
Ahmad Mirza
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Index Properties ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Road Project

Some road construction projects use petrasoil additive to increase soil stabilization, one of then is the Improvement of Tabarfane-Hokmar (Chemical Petrasoil) Road Project in Aru Selatan Timur District, Aru Islands. To obtain the influence of petrasoil aditive material as soil stabilization in swamp areas, a research is needed. petrasoil additives that powder shape are dissolved in water with 3 variations, namely 500 liters, 750 liters, and 1000 liters of water. Tests which carried out include compaction testing, index properties, and CBR. The results showed that the addition of petrasoil mixture with water without being combined with other added ingredients could lead to increasingly unstable soil conditions where the soil water content increased and the dry weight of the soil diminished, meaning that soil density decreases, and the CBR value of soil decreases.

Load Analysis of Transmitting Gear in Loading Cycles for Earthmoving Vehicle

2011 ◽  
Vol 308-310 ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Zhen Yu Wang ◽  
Xi Feng Zhang ◽  
Ji Xin Wang ◽  
Ming Yao Yao
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Method ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Test System ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Indirect Test ◽  
Wheel Loader ◽  
Loose Soil ◽  
Load Analysis ◽  
Heavy Loads

Fatigue failure of gears carrying heavy loads is the leading cause of gearbox breakdown in the large-scale earthmoving machinery. The fatigue life of gear is mainly determined by loads distribution. Taking the Wheel Loader as an example, this paper introduced an indirect test system of gear load under the loose soil conditions. Then the load data in time, amplitude and frequency field were respectively analyzed. The results show that the indirect measurement method proved workable, and the load data of gear is characterized by bi-modal. Therefore, to decrease statistical errors, mixture model must be adopted to fit these bi-modal signals.

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPACTION PATTERNS DUE TO MACHINERY OPERATION IN AN ORCHARD SOIL

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. V. RAGHAVAN ◽  
E. MCKYES ◽  
M. CHASSÉ ◽  
F. MÉRINEAU
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Compaction Test ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Ray Density

A series of tests was performed in a field, freshly prepared and ready for the planting of new trees, to study the pattern of soil density changes under different loads, soil conditions, tire sizes and numbers of passes using a gamma-ray density meter. The change in soil bulk density varied from 0.08 g/cc to 0.48 g/cc for increasing numbers of traverses of tractor and sprayer. The soil bulk density achieved after 15 passes with a tractor and sprayer approximated both the maximum bulk density obtained with a standard Proctor compaction test and the maximum bulk density that has been observed in adjacent orchards that are 30–40 yr old.

scholarly journals The effect of compaction of the arable layer in sandy soils on the growth of maize for silage. 2. Soil conditions and plant growth.

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
F.R. Boone ◽  
H.M.G. van der Werf ◽  
B. Kroesbergen ◽  
B.A. ten Hag ◽  
A. Boers
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Soil Aeration ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Loose Soil ◽  
Over Time

Silage maize cv. Brutus was grown on 3 soil types in 1980-82 on (a) loose soil, (b) soil lightly compacted with a packer at ploughing, (c) soil moderately compacted using a tractor with double rear wheels, (d) soil heavily compacted using a tractor with single rear wheels. Crop growth responses varied over time in relation to growth stage and amount of rainfall. There were small yield reductions in loose soil, and large reductions in heavily compacted soil resulting from insufficient soil aeration. Results were greatly influenced by rainfall pattern and local variations in drainage status. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

WINDAM - Analysis of Overtopped Earth Embankment Dams

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrel M. Temple ◽  
Gregory J. Hanson ◽  
Mitchell L. Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Embankment Dams ◽  
Earth Embankment

Influence of Cultural Management on Compaction of a Cerrado Latosol

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Matheus Azevedo Dos Santos ◽  
Aloisio Bianchini ◽  
Pedro Silvério Xavier Pereira ◽  
Rodrigo Fernandes Daros ◽  
Matheus Santos de Deus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Cultural Management ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
The One ◽  
Alternative Practices

Soil compaction is a process that negatively affects the availability of water and nutrients to plants. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate alternative practices of cultural management in order to reduce soil compaction. The experimental area is located in the Foundation for Research and Technological Development Rio Verde, where 13 treatments were installed with different systems of cultural management, all rotated with soy. A randomized complete block design (DBC) was used for this experiment, with three blocks (one repetition per block), thirteen treatments and two depths of soil (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm). Physical analyzes were soil resistance to penetration, soil density, and soil moisture at the time of collection. The treatment in which the soil was stirred during the fallow period was the one that presented the lowest resistance of the soil to penetration, followed by the treatment where a mixture of cover crops was used in the second harvest, and the treatment where soybean was harvested and brachiaria in the second crop, using corn with brachiaria every two years, was the one that presented lower soil density, followed by the treatment with stirring during fallow season. Planting areas with a greater diversity of rotating plants presented as a good proposal of soil management, as they provide ideal soil conditions for the crop and for the use of rainwater or irrigation.

Stability of concrete macro-roughness linings for overflow protection of earth embankment dams

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 762-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro de Almeida Manso ◽  
Anton J Schleiss
Keyword(s):  
Precast Concrete ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Concrete Element ◽  
Unit Discharge ◽  
Embankment Dams ◽  
Earth Embankment ◽  
Failure Conditions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Concrete Elements ◽  
Stability Concept

A macro-roughness lining system for the protection of earth embankment dams during overflow is presented. It consists of precast concrete elements placed on a drainage-separation layer. The main difference between this system and other existing concrete element systems is the stability concept, based on the self-weight of the blocks. Several types of elements were developed and tested in a physical model for a typical dam slope of 1V:3H. Failure conditions were identified after submitting the elements to increasing flow discharges. Furthermore, different foundation drainage and shear conditions between the elements and their foundation and different joint alignments were studied. Flow characteristics were observed and measured for quasi-uniform flow conditions. Based on the experimental results, a stability model was developed to compute the design safety factor. The model is based on the governing overturning equation (predominant failure mechanism) and on assumptions concerning the acting hydrodynamic forces, the hydrostatic uplift, and the concentration of air in the flow. Synoptic design charts were derived for 1V:3H dam slopes, allowing the rapid estimate of the lining characteristics as dimensions and weight for a certain withstood design unit discharge, for various margins of safety. The developed macro-roughness lining system is envisaged for the spillway rehabilitation of existing dams, but also for the design and construction of spillways of low dams (up to 30 m in height) and for the protection of overflow cofferdams.Key words: overflow dams, erosion protection, linings, macro-roughness, stability, drainage and spillways.

scholarly journals The 10-Year Return Levels of Maximum Wind Speeds under Frozen and Unfrozen Soil Forest Conditions in Finland

Climate ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laapas ◽  
Lehtonen ◽  
Venäläinen ◽  
Peltola
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Frost ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Maximum Wind ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Return Levels ◽  
Frost Depth ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Scots Pine Stands

Reliable high spatial resolution information on the variation of extreme wind speeds under frozen and unfrozen soil conditions can enhance wind damage risk management in forestry. In this study, we aimed to produce spatially detailed estimates for the 10-year return level of maximum wind speeds for frozen (>20 cm frost depth) and unfrozen soil conditions for dense Norway spruce stands on clay or silt soil, Scots pine stands on sandy soil and Scots pine stands on drained peatland throughout Finland. For this purpose, the coarse resolution estimates of the 10-year return levels of maximum wind speeds based on 1979–2014 ERA-Interim reanalysis were downscaled to 20 m grid by using the wind multiplier approach, taking into account the effect of topography and surface roughness. The soil frost depth was estimated using a soil frost model. Results showed that due to a large variability in the timing of annual maximum wind speed, differences in the 10-year return levels of maximum wind speeds between the frozen and unfrozen soil seasons are generally rather small. Larger differences in this study are mostly found in peatlands, where soil frost seasons are notably shorter than in mineral soils. Also, the high resolution of wind multiplier downscaling and consideration of wind direction revealed some larger local scale differences around topographic features like hills and ridgelines.

scholarly journals 2.5D resistivity modeling of embankment dams to assess influence from geometry and material properties

Geophysics ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. G107-G114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pontus Sjödahl ◽  
Torleif Dahlin ◽  
Bing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Resistivity Measurement ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Internal Erosion ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Embankment Dams ◽  
The North ◽  
Fine Grained Soil ◽  
Earth Embankment ◽  
3D Effect

Repeated resistivity measurement is a potentially powerful method for monitoring development of internal erosion and anomalous seepage in earth embankment dams. This study is part of a project to improve current longterm monitoring routines and data interpretation and increasing the understanding when interpreting existing data. This is accomplished by modeling various occurrences typical of embankment structures using properties from two rockfill embankment dams with central till cores in the north of Sweden. The study evaluates the influence from 3D effects created by specific dam geometry and effects of water level fluctuations in the reservoir. Moreover, a comparison between different layout locations is carried out, and detectability of internal erosion scenarios is estimated through modeling of simulated damage situations. Software was especially developed to model apparent resistivity for geometries and material distributions for embankment dams. The model shows that the 3D effect from the embankment geometry is clearly significant when measuring along dam crests. For dams constructed with a conductive core of fine-grained soil and high-resistive rockfill, the effect becomes greatly enhanced. Also, water level fluctuations have a clear effect on apparent resistivities. Only small differences were found between the investigated arrays. A layout along the top of the crest is optimal for monitoring on existing dams, where intrusive investigations are normally avoided, because it is important to pass the current through the conductive core, which is often the main target of investigation. The investigation technique has proven beneficial for improving monitoring routines and increasing the understanding of results from the ongoing monitoring programs. Although the technique and software are developed for dam modeling, it could be used for estimation of 3D influence on any elongated structure with a 2D cross section.

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