DEVELOPMENT OF COMPACTION PATTERNS DUE TO MACHINERY OPERATION IN AN ORCHARD SOIL

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. V. RAGHAVAN ◽  
E. MCKYES ◽  
M. CHASSÉ ◽  
F. MÉRINEAU
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Compaction Test ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Ray Density

A series of tests was performed in a field, freshly prepared and ready for the planting of new trees, to study the pattern of soil density changes under different loads, soil conditions, tire sizes and numbers of passes using a gamma-ray density meter. The change in soil bulk density varied from 0.08 g/cc to 0.48 g/cc for increasing numbers of traverses of tractor and sprayer. The soil bulk density achieved after 15 passes with a tractor and sprayer approximated both the maximum bulk density obtained with a standard Proctor compaction test and the maximum bulk density that has been observed in adjacent orchards that are 30–40 yr old.

DENSITY LOGGING

Geophysics ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 891-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Pickell ◽  
J. G. Heacock
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Core Data ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Calibration Curves ◽  
Ray Density ◽  
Log Interpretation

This review of density logging is primarily a compilation of information presented in the petroleum industry literature. It includes a brief discussion of some of the theory involved in gamma‐ray density logging, various calibration curves, comparisons of density‐log and core data, and comments on density‐log interpretation. Conclusions are that the density log, under good borehole conditions, provides an accurate means for measuring bulk density of the formation adjacent to the borehole. If grain density is known, valid estimates of porosity can also be made. Because of the response characteristics of the system, accuracy in determining porosity is best when formation densities are low and porosities are high.

scholarly journals Penetration resistance according to penetration rate, cone base size and different soil conditions

Bragantia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Dias Valadão Junior ◽  
Aloísio Biachini ◽  
Franciele Caroline Assis Valadão ◽  
Rodrigo Pengo Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Base Size ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of penetration rate and the size of the cone base on the resistance to penetration under different soil moistures and soil bulk density. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4x2x2x2 factorial arrangement, with the factors, soil bulk density of 1.0; 1.2; 1.4 and 1.6 Mg m-3, soil moisture at the evaluation of 0.16 and 0.22 kg kg-1, penetration rates of 0.166 and 30 mm s-1 and areas of the cone base of 10.98 and 129.28 mm² resulting in 32 treatments with 8 replicates. To ensure greater uniformity and similarity to field conditions, samples passed through cycles of wetting and drying. Only the interaction of the four factors was not significant. Resistance values varied with the density of the soil, regardless of moisture and penetration rate. Soil penetration resistance was influenced by the size of the cone base, with higher values for the smallest base independent of moisture and soil bulk density. The relationship between resistance to penetration and moisture is not always linear, once it is influenced by soil bulk density. Reduction in the area of the cone leads to an increase in the soil resistance to penetration.

scholarly journals A photogrammetry-based approach for soil bulk density measurements with an emphasis on applications to cosmogenic nuclide analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 995-1020
Author(s):  
Joel Mohren ◽  
Steven A. Binnie ◽  
Gregor M. Rink ◽  
Katharina Knödgen ◽  
Carlos Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Cosmogenic Nuclide ◽  
Sampling Campaign ◽  
Accuracy And Precision

Abstract. The quantification of soil bulk density (ρB) is a cumbersome and time-consuming task when traditional soil density sampling techniques are applied. However, it can be important for terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) production rate scaling when deriving ages or surface process rates from buried samples, in particular when short-lived TCNs such as in situ 14C are applied. Here, we show that soil density determinations can be made using structure-from-motion multi-view stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry-based volume reconstructions of sampling pits. Accuracy and precision tests as found in the literature and as conducted in this study clearly indicate that photographs taken from both a consumer-grade digital single-lens mirrorless (DSLM) and a smartphone camera are of sufficient quality to produce accurate and precise modelling results, i.e. to regularly reproduce the “true” volume and/or density by >95 %. This finding holds also if a freeware-based computing workflow is applied. The technique has been used to measure ρB along three small-scale (<1 km) N–S transects located in the semi-arid to arid Altos de Talinay, northern central Chile (∼30.5∘ S, ∼71.7∘ W), during a TCN sampling campaign. Here, long-term differences in microclimatic conditions between south-facing and north-facing slopes (SFSs and NFSs, respectively) explain a sharp contrast in vegetation cover, slope gradient and general soil condition patterns. These contrasts are also reflected by the soil density data, generally coinciding with lower densities on SFSs. The largest differences between NFSs and SFSs are evident in the lower portion of the respective slopes, close to the thalwegs. In general, field-state soil bulk densities were found to vary by about 0.6 g cm−3 over a few tens of metres along the same slope. As such, the dataset that was mainly generated to derive more accurate TCN-based process rates and ages can be used to characterise the present-day condition of soils in the study area, which in turn can give insight into the long-term soil formation and prevailing environmental conditions. This implies that the method tested in this study may also being applied in other fields of research and work, such as soil science, agriculture or the construction sector.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF RECREATION LOADING ON PHYSICAL AND WATER-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BROWN FOREST SOILS

2021 ◽  
pp. 311-328
Author(s):  
Oksana Lenevych
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Brown Forest Soils

The article analyses the influence of recreational load on the physical and water-physical properties of brown forest soils. It is established that the complete or partial absence of litter on the pathway contributes to the rapid evaporation of moisture from the upper horizon (0−5 cm) of the soil, reducing the porosity total, increasing the density solid phase and buk density. It was found that with the increase of the buk density by 12,5 % the water permeability of the soil decreases 33 times in comparison with the control. A significant increase in the bulk density of the structure by 39−48 % was found on partway with a width of more than 2 m. On these pathway the surface runoff of water is formed. An increase in the density of the solid phase was recorded. The results of which are characteristic of the Hp horizon of brown forest soils. The overlapping of the trail with wooden flooring on the track “Stezhkamy lehendarnoyi Tustani” had a positive effect on the physical and water-physical properties of the soil. It was found that the indicators of soil bulk density and water permeability were close to the results obtained in the control and only the increase in the density of the solid phase indicates a significant recreational impact in the past. On the roadsides of the same revealed a significant increase in soil density of 1,5 times compared to the control and 1,3 times with the results obtained on the pathway, this indicates a recreational impact to date. It is proposed to use the following criteria for degradation of natural ecosystem: quantitative and qualitative changes in vegetation (meadow ecosystems), presence/absence of forest litter (forest ecosystems), soil density, presence of additional/parallel paths, path width, depth of erosion on the pathway. Establish category (stages) of recreational degression on the tracks the National Park “Skolivski Beskydy”. On the first stage/category (“Unchanged track”) of recreational degression includes trails 0,35−0,70 m wide with relatively close indicators of soil structure bulk density to control and the presence of forest litter on the pathway. The only negative aspect in this category is the insufficient water permeability of the soil. On heavy II category there is forest litter, although its redistribution is mainly traced between the trail and its roadside. In some sections of the trail, where there is no forest litter, it is fixed by increasing the bulk density of the structure to 27 %, the width of the pathway is 0,9−1,2 m and is classified as “Little-changed track”. On pathway with 2,15−3,40 m, there is a complete or partial absence of forest litter. Bulk density increased by 38−39 %, surface water runoff is formed. It is established presence distinct partway, visibled qualitative and quantitative changes in vegetation. The presented data correspond to the pathway of III category and are classified as “Endangered track”. Category IV (“Devastated track”) includes paths on which there is no forest litter, a significant increase in soil density up to 48 %, access to the surface of the root system and the width of the path is 2,60−4,90 m. Key words: recreation influence; soil bulk density; water permeable; pathway; NPP “Skolivski Beskydy”.

Gamma-ray attenuation method as an efficient tool to investigate soil bulk density spatial variability

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1734-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.F. Pires ◽  
J.A. Rosa ◽  
A.B. Pereira ◽  
R.C.J. Arthur ◽  
O.O.S. Bacchi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Gamma Ray Attenuation

Damage to soil physical properties caused by soil sampler devices as assessed by gamma ray computed tomography

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz F. Pires ◽  
Osny O. S. Bacchi ◽  
Klaus Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
241Am Source ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Gamma Ray Computed Tomography

Soil sample physical properties can be greatly affected during soil sampling procedures. Improper procedures can impose modifications on soil sample structure and consequently lead to wrong measurements of soil properties. The objective of this work was to evaluate the damage caused by soil samplers to soil structure through the analysis of computed tomography (CT) images. A first generation tomograph was used, having a 241Am source and a 7.62 × 7.62 cm NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal detector coupled to a photomultiplier tube. Results confirm the effect of soil sampler devices on the structure of soil samples, and that the compaction caused during sampling causes significant alterations to soil bulk density. Through the use of CT it was possible to determine the level of compaction and to make a detailed analysis of the soil bulk density distribution within the soil sample.

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