SPEAM-I (sunphotometer Earth atmosphere measurement) observations of high-altitude ozone from STS 41-G

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 1123-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. McElroy ◽  
J. B. Kerr ◽  
D. I. Wardle ◽  
L. J. B. McArthur ◽  
G. M. Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interference Filter ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Earth Atmosphere ◽  
Near Ultraviolet ◽  
Space Shuttle Challenger ◽  
Solar Intensity

The sunphotometer Earth atmosphere measurement (SPEAM-I) experiment was flown on the United States space shuttle Challenger in October, 1984 as part of a group of Canadian experiments referred to as CANEX-I. Measurements of the solar intensity were made through the orbiter side-hatch window at various wavelengths in the visible and near-ultraviolet during a number of terminator crossings using a hand-held, interference filter photometer. Observations at 315 and 324 nm were analyzed to give vertical profiles of ozone at 63.34°S, 91.96°E. These profiles are compared with data from the literature. The success of this experiment points the way to the use of small instruments to make accurate but inexpensive observations of the composition of the upper atmosphere.

The Columbia Disaster

2011 ◽  
pp. 251-271
Author(s):  
Ruth Guthrie ◽  
Conrad Shayo
Keyword(s):  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Hubble Space Telescope ◽  
Space Vehicle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Space Shuttle Challenger ◽  
Space Programs ◽  
Engineering Information ◽  
Complex Engineering ◽  
Space Shuttle Columbia ◽  
The Universe

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is a government organization, founded to explore space to better understand our own planet and the universe around us. Over NASA’s history, there have been unprecedented successes: Apollo missions that put people into space and walking on the moon, the remarkable findings of the Hubble space telescope and the Space Shuttle Program, allowing astronauts to perform scientific experiments in orbit from are usable space vehicle. NASA continues to be a source of national wonder and pride for the United States and the world. However, NASA has failures too. In February of 2002, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated as it returned to Earth. This event occurred 16 years after the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded during take-off. As information was collected, investigators found that many of the problems uncovered during the Challenger investigation were also factors for Columbia. Underlying both disasters was the problem of relaying complex engineering information to management, in an environment driven by schedule and budget pressure. Once again, NASA is looking at ways to better manage space programs in an environment of limited resources.

scholarly journals Extending Humanity’s Reach: A Public-Private Framework for Space Exploration

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-98
Author(s):  
Jack B. Chaben
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Space Race ◽  
The Cold War

The Cold War initiated not only rapid weaponization campaigns within the United States and the Soviet Union, but launched a space race between the ideological opponents. The Soviet Union claimed an early victory by becoming the first nation to launch a satellite into space. Despite the United States' rough start, the country triumphed during its Apollo Program to become the leader in space. Treaties and international norms emerged throughout this time to prevent these technologically raging nations from weaponizing the expansive environment of outer space, but the resulting protections against national ownership of space limited incentives for future deep space travel. As the U.S. Space Shuttle program came to an end in 2011, the United States forfeit its capabilities to transport humans to the International Space Station. This apparent abandonment of outer space, however, began to reveal the seminal role of the commercial space industry and its revolutionary technologies. This article traces the transition from the Cold War-era space race to today’s robust public-private expansion into space. It highlights the foundational importance of international cooperation to protect the interests of private companies, and presents a model of cooperative succession between space agencies and companies to send humans to Mars.

scholarly journals The Return of Manned Missions

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (07) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Chitra Sethi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
Space Program ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
International Space ◽  
Space Suits ◽  
And Training

The United States space program has been without a launch vehicle for human spaceflight since 2011. That was when the space shuttle Atlantis returned on its final flight. Since then, NASA has relied on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft to take its astronauts to the International Space Station. However, if all goes to plan this could soon change, as two private companies are working with NASA to launch the first astronauts into orbit. The companies, SpaceX and Boeing, are building crew capsules and rockets, designing space suits, and training astronauts to fly these new vehicles into space.

Meteorites

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Chambers ◽  
Jacqueline Mitton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Wind Resistance

This chapter discusses how countless small rocks from space encounter Earth each day, burning up completely in the atmosphere as meteors. Most meteors are tiny, no larger than a grain of sand. These disappear in the upper atmosphere in a matter of seconds. However, the boulder at the center of the 1992 fireball incident in the United States was much larger—too large to burn up entirely—and it plowed straight through the upper atmosphere, continuing toward the ground. As the boulder reached the lower atmosphere, where the air is densest, the wind resistance became strong enough to tear the boulder to pieces. At least one piece of the boulder survived to reach the ground, where it became a meteorite—a lump of rock that literally fell from the sky.

scholarly journals United States Launch Vehicle Systems

1990 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 325-332
Author(s):  
Robert B. Krause
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Launch Vehicle ◽  
Launch Vehicles ◽  
National Space ◽  
Manned Spacecraft ◽  
Operational Life ◽  
Heavy Lift

AbstractUnited States policy for national space launch capability provides for a balanced mix of launches, utilizing the Space Shuttle and Expendable Launch Vehicles (ELVs). It also directs government agencies to encourage and support the development of a domestic commercial expendable launch vehicle industry. This is to be accomplished by contracting for necessary ELV launch services directly from the private sector and by facilitating access by commercial launch firms to national launch and launch-related property and services they request to support these commercial operations.The current mixed fleet includes the Space Shuttle and four expendable launch vehicles - Titan, Atlas, Delta and Scout. New small class launch vehicles, including Pegasus, are in development. In addition, studies are underway to assure that the United States has cost-effective, reliable access to space, heavy-lift launch capability, and a new manned spacecraft after the current Space Shuttle reaches the end of its operational life. This paper will highlight the current capabilities of the mixed fleet and summarize the plans for new or modified United States launch vehicles through the first decade of the next century.

Forecasting Crew Anthropometry for Shuttle and Space Station

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
John Roebuck ◽  
Kim Smith ◽  
Louis Raggio
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
International Space ◽  
Emergency Rescue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Actual Space ◽  
Year 2000

Habitation module and Crew Emergency Rescue Vehicle (CERV) designs for the International Space Station to be built by the United States are expected to accommodate a wide range of persons, according to body dimensions predicted for the year 2000. This prediction was aided by the opportunity, which arose in 1985, to check actual Space Shuttle male crew anthropometry, particularly stature, against predictions made circa 1973 and by recently acquired Japanese data. Revised hypotheses discussed herein have been accepted by an Anthropometry Working Group as the bases for developing anthropometry requirements that appear in the Man-Systems Integration Standard (NASA-STD-3000), published in 1987. Pleas are made for further research in civilian anthropometry and wider use of anthropometric forecasting.

The Columbia Disaster

2011 ◽  
pp. 76-97
Author(s):  
Ruth Guthrie ◽  
Conrad Shayo
Keyword(s):  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Hubble Space Telescope ◽  
Space Vehicle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Space Shuttle Challenger ◽  
Space Programs ◽  
Engineering Information ◽  
Complex Engineering ◽  
Space Shuttle Columbia ◽  
The Universe

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is a government organization, founded to explore space to better understand our own planet and the universe around us. Over NASA’s history, there have been unprecedented successes: Apollo missions that put people into space and walking on the moon, the remarkable findings of the Hubble space telescope and the Space Shuttle Program, allowing astronauts to perform scientific experiments in orbit from a reusable space vehicle. NASA continues to be a source of national wonder and pride for the United States and the world. However, NASA has failures too. In February of 2002, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated as it returned to earth. This event occurred 16 years after the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded during take-off. As information was collected, investigators found that many of the problems uncovered during the Challenger investigation were also factors for Columbia. Underlying both disasters was the problem of relaying complex engineering information to management, in an environment driven by schedule and budget pressure. Once again, NASA is looking at ways to better manage space programs in an environment of limited resources.

scholarly journals NASA plans relevant to the study of circumstellar matter

1987 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 563-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Stencel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Circumstellar Matter ◽  
The United States ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Atmospheric Absorption ◽  
Circumstellar Material ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity ◽  
Absorption Of Light

The Astrophysics program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States emphasizes use of vehicles to obtain above-the-atmosphere observational advantages, including expanded electromagnetic frequency access, enhanced sensitivity resulting from reduced or eliminated atmospheric absorption of light and image smearing. Space technology provides a superior means for astrophysical inquiry, particularly in the case of circumstellar material. Much of the flight program is undergoing intensive review following the Space Shuttle disaster of January 1986.

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