Decay of 103Ag

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Bakhru ◽  
R. I. Morse ◽  
I. L. Preiss
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Compound Nucleus ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Mass Difference ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Direct Process ◽  
Silver Compound

The reaction 14N + 11B forming a silver compound nucleus and the direct interaction of 107Ag + 14N were utilized to produce the isotope 103Ag. In both instances the 103Ag results from the subsequent evaporation of nucleons from either the Ag compound nucleus or from the 105Ag* reaction intermediate in the case of the direct process. The decay of this isotope was studied using Ge(Li) detectors as well as with standard scintillation counters. The beta- and gamma-ray measurements confirm three beta groups of maximum energies 1.31 ± 0.05 MeV (60%), 1.03 ± 0.05 (30%), and 0.500 ± 0.1 MeV (10%) and gamma rays of energies 0.118, 0.148, 0.235, 0.268, 0.420, 0.540, 0.555, 0.585, 0.655, 0.740, 1.002, 1.1, 1.14, 1.27, 1.36, and 1.56 MeV all decaying with a half-life 1.1 h. Coincidence studies show that the 0.118 MeV gamma ray is in coincidence with 0.148, 0.511, 0.555, 0.740, 1.0, and 1.1 MeV gamma rays; the 0.148 MeV gamma ray with the 0.118, 0.511, 0.555, 0.740, 1.0, and 1.1 MeV gamma rays; the 0.235 MeV gamma ray with the 0.420, 0.511, 0.585, 0.740, 1.04, and 1.13 MeV gamma rays; the 0.540 MeV gamma ray with the 0.511 and 0.820 MeV gamma rays; and the 0.820 MeV gamma ray with the 0.511 and 0.740 MeV gamma rays only. Two beta groups of maximum energies 1.03 and 0.5 MeV are observed to be in coincidence with the 0.148 and 0.268 MeV transitions and with the 0.555 and 0.820 MeV gamma rays as a gate, only the beta group of energy 0.5 ± 0.1 MeV appears. Based on the above observation, a decay scheme of 103Ag is proposed and the results are discussed. The half-life of 118 keV level is measured by delayed coincidence and found to be (1.9 ± 0.4) × 10−9 s indicating an M1 multipolarity for this transition. The mass difference between the ground state of 103Ag and 103Pd is found to be 2.32 MeV.

scholarly journals Nuclear Structure Investigations of some Medium-Weight Isotopes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gavin Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Calculated Cross Section ◽  
Beta Spectrum ◽  
Gamma Ray Detectors

<p>This thesis describes the methods and results of investigations made to determine the decay schemes of three short-lived isotopes 112Ag, 114Ag and 116Ag. A total of 76 gamma-rays was observed with a Ge(Li) detector in the gamma-radiation which follows the Beta-decay of 112Ag to levels of 112Cd. gamma- gamma coincidence and angular correlation measurements were made with Ge(Li)-NaI(T1) and NaI(T1)-NaI(T1) systems. A decay scheme consistent with the present data is proposed. Cross sections for the reactions 112Cd(n,p)112Ag and 115In(n, alpha)112Ag were measured, and the half-life of the 112Ag decay was found to be 3.14 plus-minus 0.01 hr. The decay scheme of 114Ag was studied with Ge(Li) gamma-ray detectors and plastic Beta-ray detectors. 9 of the 11 gamma-rays observed in the decay were incorporated into 114Cd level structure previously determined by conversion electron measurements on the 113Cd(n,gamma)114Cd reaction. The endpoint energy of the Beta-decay was determined as 4.90 plus-minus 0.26 MeV; no branching was evident in the Beta-spectrum. A decay scheme is proposed for which the Beta-branching was deduced from the measured gamma-ray yield and a calculated cross section value for the 114Cd(n,p)114Ag reaction. The 114Ag half-life was determined as 4.52 plus-minus 0.03 sec; a search for a previously reported isomeric state of 114Ag was unsuccessful. Ge(Li) and NaI(T1) gamma-ray detectors were used to study the direct and coincidence spectra that result from the decay of 116Ag, the half-life of which was found to be 2.50 plus-minus 0.02 min. 53 gamma-rays were observed from this decay. The Beta-branching to the 17 excited states of 116Cd in the proposed decay scheme was derived from the measured gamma-ray yield and a calculated cross section value for the 116Cd(n,p)Ag reaction. Spin and parity assignments for ihe energy levels of 116Cd are made. An investigation of the applicability of two collective models to nuclear structure typical of the Cd nuclei studied demonstrated that one of the models was misleading when applied to vibrational nuclei. A potential function was developed in the other model to extend the investigation to include a study of the transition between extremes of collective motion. This was used to examine the correspondence between nuclear level schemes representative of rotational and vibrational excitations.</p>

RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF W188

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Excited State ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Radioactive Decay ◽  
Beta Transition ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Gamma Radiations

The half-life of W188 has been measured to be 69.4 ± 0.5 days. The gamma radiations emitted in the decay of W188 have been studied with an NaI scintillation spectrometer, and the beta radiations by absorption in aluminum. Three gamma rays with energies of 0.290 ± 0.005, 0.227 ± 0.005, and 0.063 ± 0.005 Mev were observed. The intensities of these gamma rays were measured relative to those gamma rays from the daughter activity Re188. The W188 gamma intensities thus deduced are respectively 0.002, 0.001, and about 0.001 per disintegration. The 0.227 and 0.063 gamma rays are in coincidence. It logically follows from the gamma results that 99.3% of the beta radiations go to the ground state of Re188 with an energy of 0.36 ± 0.04 Mev (determined by Feather analysis), while about 0.4% go to an excited state at 0.290 Mev; an upper limit of 0.3% has been set for a beta transition to the 0.063 state. A decay scheme for W188 is proposed.

scholarly journals Nuclear Structure Investigations of some Medium-Weight Isotopes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gavin Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Calculated Cross Section ◽  
Beta Spectrum ◽  
Gamma Ray Detectors

<p>This thesis describes the methods and results of investigations made to determine the decay schemes of three short-lived isotopes 112Ag, 114Ag and 116Ag. A total of 76 gamma-rays was observed with a Ge(Li) detector in the gamma-radiation which follows the Beta-decay of 112Ag to levels of 112Cd. gamma- gamma coincidence and angular correlation measurements were made with Ge(Li)-NaI(T1) and NaI(T1)-NaI(T1) systems. A decay scheme consistent with the present data is proposed. Cross sections for the reactions 112Cd(n,p)112Ag and 115In(n, alpha)112Ag were measured, and the half-life of the 112Ag decay was found to be 3.14 plus-minus 0.01 hr. The decay scheme of 114Ag was studied with Ge(Li) gamma-ray detectors and plastic Beta-ray detectors. 9 of the 11 gamma-rays observed in the decay were incorporated into 114Cd level structure previously determined by conversion electron measurements on the 113Cd(n,gamma)114Cd reaction. The endpoint energy of the Beta-decay was determined as 4.90 plus-minus 0.26 MeV; no branching was evident in the Beta-spectrum. A decay scheme is proposed for which the Beta-branching was deduced from the measured gamma-ray yield and a calculated cross section value for the 114Cd(n,p)114Ag reaction. The 114Ag half-life was determined as 4.52 plus-minus 0.03 sec; a search for a previously reported isomeric state of 114Ag was unsuccessful. Ge(Li) and NaI(T1) gamma-ray detectors were used to study the direct and coincidence spectra that result from the decay of 116Ag, the half-life of which was found to be 2.50 plus-minus 0.02 min. 53 gamma-rays were observed from this decay. The Beta-branching to the 17 excited states of 116Cd in the proposed decay scheme was derived from the measured gamma-ray yield and a calculated cross section value for the 116Cd(n,p)Ag reaction. Spin and parity assignments for ihe energy levels of 116Cd are made. An investigation of the applicability of two collective models to nuclear structure typical of the Cd nuclei studied demonstrated that one of the models was misleading when applied to vibrational nuclei. A potential function was developed in the other model to extend the investigation to include a study of the transition between extremes of collective motion. This was used to examine the correspondence between nuclear level schemes representative of rotational and vibrational excitations.</p>

High-Purity Germanium Technology for Gamma-Ray and X-Ray Spectroscopy

1993 ◽  
Vol 302 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.S. Darken ◽  
C. E. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Ground State ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Hole Capture ◽  
High Purity Germanium ◽  
Energy Gamma

ABSTRACTHigh-purity germanium (HPGe) for gamma-ray spectroscopy is a mature technology that continues to evolve. Detector size is continually increasing, allowing efficient detection of higher energy gamma rays and improving the count rate and minimum detectable activity for lower energy gamma rays. For low-energy X rays, entrance window thicknesses have been reduced to where they are comparable to those in Si(Li) detectors. While some limits to HPGe technology are set by intrinsic properties, the frontiers have historically been determined by the level of control over extrinsic properties. The point defects responsible for hole trapping are considered in terms of the “standard level” model for hole capture. This model originates in the observation that the magnitude and temperature dependence of the cross section for hole capture at many acceptors in germanium is exactly that obtained if all incident s-wave holes were captured. That is, the capture rate is apparently limited by the arrival rate of holes that can make an angular-momentum-conserving transition to a s ground state. This model can also be generalized to other materials, where it may serve as an upper limit for direct capture into the ground state for either electrons or holes. The capture cross section for standard levels σS.L. is given bywhere g is the degeneracy of the ground state of the center after capture, divided by the degeneracy before capture. Mc is the number of equivalent extrema in the band structure for the carrier being captured, mo is the electronic mass, m* is the effective mass, and T is the temperature in degrees Kelvin.

Gamma-ray production in the 170Er(p,n)170Tm nuclear reaction

Open Physics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Mihailescu ◽  
Gheorghe Cata-Danil
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Energy Range ◽  
Nuclear Reaction ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Compound Nucleus ◽  
Beam Energy ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Excitation Functions ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
First Time

AbstractFor the first time discrete gamma-rays following the nuclear reaction 170Er(p,n)170Tm with enriched target were measured with a high resolution GeHP spectrometer. Protons delivered by the Bucharest FN Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator bombarded a thin self-supporting film of enriched erbium. Measured γ-ray energies (Eγ), their relative intensities (Iγ) and corresponding excitation functions for the beam energy range 2.0–3.6 MeV are reported in the present work. The measured excitation functions were fairly well reproduced by compound nucleus calculations based on the Hauser-Feshbach formalism.

Proton?Capture Gamma Rays from Nitrogen?13

1962 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Parker ◽  
GG Shute
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Excited State ◽  
Elastic Scattering ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Recent Experiment ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Angular Distributions ◽  
Proton Capture ◽  
Yield Curves

From a recent experiment in this laboratory (Shute et al. 1962) on the elastic scattering of protons from 12C, resonance levels (E13N, J1t) of 13N were obtained at the laboratory bombarding energies (Ep) shown in Table 1. To confirm these results, an investigation of the yield and angular distribution of gamma rays from the reaction 12C(p'YO)13N and 12C(p'Yl)13N was undertaken. Accordingly, the theoretical angular distributions, W(8), for the gamma ray (Yo) to the ground state of 13Na-) and also for the gamma ray (Yl) to the 1st excited state of 13Na+) were evaluated on the assumptions that overlap of levels in 13N is small and lowest order multipoles are involved. As angular distributions are parity insensitive, these were found to be identical for the two gamma rays expected. The simpler of these angular distributions are also shown on the table. The expected angular distributions indicate that 90� is a suitable angle for yield curves.

An investigation of the 35Cl(n,γ)36Cl reaction

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Kennett ◽  
M. A. Islam ◽  
W. V. Prestwich
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Neutron Separation Energy ◽  
Transition Energies ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Deconvolution Techniques ◽  
Average Uncertainty

A detailed study of the neutron-capture gamma-ray spectrum for chlorine, above an energy of 1.6 MeV, has revealed a total of 234 transitions with intensity greater than 0.04%. Consistency tests indicate that the average energy uncertainty for the entire set of gamma rays is 0.1 keV. Data reduction was accomplished by invoking spectral deconvolution techniques with the result that many previously reported transitions were found to be multiplets. A decay scheme was derived by making use of both these new findings and the high energy precision attained for the transition energies. The proposed decay scheme accounts for more than 98% of the observed intensity and the energy of the levels included were found to have an average uncertainty of 0.08 keV. Based upon an error-free 15N neutron separation energy of 10 833.30 keV, the Q values for 35Cl(n,γ)36Cl and 37Cl(n,γ)38Cl were found to be 8579.82 (2) and 6107.85 (10) keV, respectively.

RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF Au200

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Roy ◽  
L. P. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Radioactive Decay ◽  
End Point ◽  
Gamma Radiations

The half-life of Au200 has been measured to be 48.4 ± 0.3 minutes. The beta radiations emitted in the decay of Au200 have been studied by absorption in aluminum, and the gamma radiations with a multichannel scintillation spectrometer. Two beta rays with end-point energies of 2.25 ± 0.20 and 0.7 ± 0.1 Mev and respective abundance of (75 ± 3)% and (25 ± 3)% were detected. Three gamma rays with energies of 0.367, 1.23, and 1.60 Mev were observed. It was established that the 0.367- and 1.23-Mev gamma rays are in coincidence. A decay scheme for Au200 is proposed.

High-resolution gamma-ray study of 185Wm

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 502-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Gujrathi ◽  
J. M. D'auria
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Internal Conversion ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Isomeric Level ◽  
Coincidence System ◽  
Internal Conversion Coefficients ◽  
Conversion Coefficients

The decay of 185Wm has been investigated using a high-resolution Ge(Li) X-ray spectrometer and a Ge(Li)–NaI(Tl) coincidence system. The energies and relative intensities (given in parentheses) of the observed gamma rays associated with the decay of the 185Wm (T1,2 = 1.68 min) are: 23.54 (3.3), 42.29 (1.1), 65.857 (100), 93.30 (0.5), 94.59 (2.2), 107.850 (6.8), 122.05 (1.5), 131.554 (84.0), 164.334 (11), 173.675(61.5),and 187.879(15.4) keV. The energy of the isomeric level has been deduced to be 197.41 keV and decays to the ground state through levels at 187.88, 173.68, 93.29, 65.86, and 23.54 keV. In addition, it was deduced experimentally from measured internal-conversion coefficients that the multipolarity of the 131.55 keV transition is E3 while the 65.86 keV transition is an M1 + E2 mixture with a 30 ± 7.5% M1 component.

THE DECAY OF Os191 AND Os193

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1409-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Nablo ◽  
M. W. Johns ◽  
R. H. Goodman ◽  
A. Artna
Keyword(s):  
Excited States ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Internal Conversion ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Internal Conversion Coefficients ◽  
Gamma Coincidence ◽  
Conversion Coefficients ◽  
Activation Cross Sections

The beta- and gamma-ray spectra of Os191 and Os193 have been studied with a magnetic beta-ray spectrometer, scintillation spectrometers, and coincidence circuits. The 14-hour isomer of Os191 decays via a 0.0742-Mev (M3) transition. Gamma rays of energy 0.0418 (100%, E3), 0.0809 (1%, M1 + E2), 0.1287 (100%, M1 + E2), and 0.1858 (0.1%) Mev have been found to be associated with the 14.6 ± 0.3 day decay of Os191 and an extension of the accepted decay scheme proposed. The following 19 transitions have been associated with the 31.5 ± 0.5 hour decay of Os193: 0.0730 (14%), 0.1068 (~1%), 0.1393 (10%), 0.180 (0.3%), 0.196 (0.1%), 0.243 (~0.2%), 0.2485 (0.3%), 0.2514 (0.4%), 0.278 (0.6%), 0.2810 (1.6%), 0.2885 (0.3%), 0.2994 (0.4%), 0.314 (0.3%), 0.3218 (1.7%), 0.3620 (0.6%), 0.3878 (1.6%), 0.4604 (4.1%), 0.4857 (0.3%), and 0.5585 (2.2%). The internal conversion coefficients for all the stronger transitions suggest that they are M1 + E2 in character. The decay energy of Os193 is 1.132 ± 0.005 Mev. Fermi analyses and beta–gamma coincidence experiments have established excited states of Ir193 at 0.073, 0.139, 0.281, 0.362, 0.460, and 0.559 Mev above the ground state. Six otherwise unclassified weak gamma rays can be accommodated if levels at 0.247, 0.315, and 0.613 Mev are included in the decay scheme.The activation cross sections of Os184 and Os190 are (2.2 ± 0.5) × 103and 5.3 ± 2 barns respectively, relative to Seren's value of 1.6 ± 0.4 barns for Os192.

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