Primary energy estimation in interactions of 22.8 GeV/c protons with nucleons and light emulsion nuclei

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bhowmik ◽  
R. K. Shivpuri
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Light Nucleus ◽  
Particle Production ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
High Multiplicity ◽  
Energy Estimation ◽  
Peripheral Mechanism ◽  
Good Agreement

In the present work, the validity of the Castagnoli's formula has been tested for primary energy estimation in the case of p–N and p – light nucleus collisions. By eliminating the contribution of the persisting primary in the angular distribution, a better estimate of the primary energy has been obtained. In the case of p–N collisions, a good agreement with the actual value of the primary energy has been obtained for ns > 4 events and a large disagreement for [Formula: see text] events. The latter observation has been explained on the basis of a peripheral mechanism of particle production for such events. In the case of p – light nucleus collisions, the underestimation of the primary energy for high-multiplicity events has been explained as being due to the occurrence of secondary collisions inside the nucleus.

Characteristics of particle production in the interaction of 22.8 GeV/c protons with light nuclei in emulsion

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (22) ◽  
pp. 2527-2532 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bhowmik ◽  
R. K. Shivpuri
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Transverse Momentum ◽  
Particle Production ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
High Multiplicity ◽  
Secondary Particles ◽  
Nucleon Interactions

The present work is aimed at the study of the characteristics of particle production in interactions between proton and light nuclei. The features studied are angular distribution, inelasticity, transverse momentum, and center-of-mass momentum of the secondary particles. In order to determine the contribution of multinucleon collisions, the results have been compared with those of proton–nucleon interactions. It has been found that, whereas the features of low-multiplicity events closely resemble the similar events from p–N collisions, those of high-multiplicity events are somewhat modified by the occurrence of intranuclear interactions.

Experimental investigation and modelling of light scattering in a-Si:H solar cells deposited on glass/ZnO:Al substrates

2002 ◽  
Vol 715 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Krc ◽  
M. Zeman ◽  
O. Kluth ◽  
F. Smole ◽  
M. Topic
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Optical Model ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Interface Roughness ◽  
Scattering Parameters ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractThe descriptive scattering parameters, haze and angular distribution functions of textured ZnO:Al transparent conductive oxides with different surface roughness are measured. An approach to determine the scattering parameters of all internal interfaces in p-i-n a-Si:H solar cells deposited on the glass/ZnO:Al substrates is presented. Using the determined scattering parameters as the input parameters of the optical model, a good agreement between the measured and simulated quantum efficiencies of the p-i-n a-Si:H solar cells with different interface roughness is achieved.

Study of the 1459-keV level in 19F by the 19F(p,p′γ)19F reaction

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 827-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Lam ◽  
A. E. Litherland ◽  
J. J. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Linear Polarization ◽  
Proton Energy ◽  
Branching Ratios ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Good Agreement

The 1459-keV level of 19F was populated by the 19F(p,p′γ)19F reaction at a proton energy of 2.78 MeV. The E2/M1 mixing ratio for the 1459 → 110 keV transition was determined to be [Formula: see text] from a combination of the γ-ray angular distribution and linear polarization and the nuclear lifetime. The γ-ray angular distribution was measured with a coaxial Ge(Li) detector and the γ-ray linear polarization with a planar Ge(Li) detector. The corresponding E2 and M1 transition strengths for a lifetime of 0.084 ± 0.020 ps are found to be [Formula: see text] and 0.10 ± 0.03 W.u. respectively. They are in good agreement with the particle–hole calculations of Benson and Flowers. The branching ratios of the 1459-keV level agree well with those of Poletti et al. The γ-ray transitions from the 1459-keV level provide a good example for demonstrating the usefulness of a single crystal Ge(Li) polarimeter.

scholarly journals Estimating primary energy of cosmic rays by calculating secondary particles density in optimum distance from shower core

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 1750190
Author(s):  
G. Rastegarzadeh ◽  
L. Rafezi
Keyword(s):  
Primary Particle ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Estimation ◽  
Array Configuration ◽  
Secondary Particles ◽  
Shower Core ◽  
Optimum Distance ◽  
Array Detectors ◽  
Estimation Function ◽  
Minimum Uncertainty

Optimum distance (R[Formula: see text]) is a distance from the shower core in which the density calculated by lateral distribution function, has its minimum uncertainty. In this paper, using CORSIKA code, proton, carbon and iron primary in the energy range between 10[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]eV are simulated to find R[Formula: see text] for Alborz-I array located at an altitude of 1200[Formula: see text]m above sea level. It is shown that R[Formula: see text] is approximately independent of characteristics of primary particle and it is only dependent to array configuration. Dependency of R[Formula: see text] on layout and detector spacing for 20 Alborz-I array detectors, are studied. It is shown that the Alborz-I array layout and its detector spacing result into the best (minimum uncertainty) R[Formula: see text] for its number of detectors. In this work, R[Formula: see text] for Alborz-I array is obtained about [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m (from NKG function) and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m (from NKG type function). In addition, it is shown that, by finding dependency of primary energy to density in optimum distance, energy of primary particle can be estimated well. An energy estimation function is suggested and the function is examined by another set of simulated showers.

PHOTOPRODUCTION OF THE Σ*- RESONANCE FROM THE NEUTRON

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2363-2368
Author(s):  
K. H. Hicks ◽  
D. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Particle Production ◽  
Strange Particle ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Flavor Symmetry ◽  
Reasonable Accuracy ◽  
Strange Particle Production ◽  
Linearly Polarized ◽  
Good Agreement

Data for the reaction [Formula: see text] was measured at the LEPS detector using a linearly polarized photon beam produced by laser-backscattering at the SPring-8 facility. The cross sections are in good agreement with predictions from a theoretical model by Oh, Ko and Nakayama. This model, which uses SU (3) flavor symmetry, suggests that the coupling constants for strange-particle production in the baryon decuplet can be predicted with reasonable accuracy using this symmetry.

scholarly journals Rope Hadronization and Strange Particle Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 14003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Bierlich
Keyword(s):  
Particle Production ◽  
Strange Particle ◽  
High Multiplicity ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Pp Collisions ◽  
Small Systems ◽  
Strange Hadron ◽  
Strange Particle Production ◽  
Hadronization Model ◽  
Aa Collisions

Rope Hadronization is a model extending the Lund string hadronization model to describe environments with many overlapping strings, such as high multiplicity pp collisions or AA collisions. Including effects of Rope Hadronization drastically improves description of strange/non-strange hadron ratios as function of event multiplicity in all systems from e+e− to AA. Implementation of Rope Hadronization in the MC event generators Dipsy and Pythia8 is discussed, as well as future prospects for jet studies and studies of small systems.

scholarly journals An investigation of the neutrons produced in the deuteron-deuteron reaction

1948 ◽  
Vol 195 (1040) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Neutron Emission ◽  
Photographic Plate ◽  
Deuteron Beam ◽  
Forward Direction ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Neutron Spectra ◽  
Precision Determination ◽  
Good Agreement

Some properties of the 2 1 H + 2 1 H = 2 He+ 1 0 n reaction are investigated by the photographic plate technique for a bombarding deuteron energy of 920 keV. Thick deuterium targets only are used, and the following quantities measured : ( a ) The Q value—found to be (3·23 ± 0·02) MeV. ( b ) The neutron spectra at various angles of neutron emission. ( c ) The angular distribution of the neutrons. The problems arising in the application of the technique to the precision determination of neutron energy are discussed and the previous precision determination of the Q value by Bonner is criticized. The present results are in good agreement with the Q value of the reaction 2 1 H + 2 1 H = 3 1 H + 1 1 H and the maximum energy of the 3 1 H β-spectrum. The neutron spectra are in accord with those calculated from the ballistics of the reaction and the known excitation function. The neutron angular distribution shows a marked maximum in the forward direction and a minimum at 90° to the deuteron beam.

scholarly journals Measurements and tests of hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory

2019 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 02002
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Cazon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Production ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Hadronic Interactions ◽  
Center Of Mass Energy ◽  
Surface Detector ◽  
Good Agreement

Extensive air showers are complex objects, resulting of billions of particle reactions initiated by single cosmic ray at ultra-high-energy. Their characteristics are sensitive both to the mass of the primary cosmic ray and to the details of hadronic interactions. Many of the interactions that determine the shower features occur in kinematic regions and at energies beyond those tested by human-made accelerators. We will report on the measurement of the proton-air cross section for particle production at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon of 39 TeV and 56 TeV. We will also show comparisons of post-LHC hadronic interaction models with shower data by studying the moments of the distribution of the depth of the electromagnetic maximum, the number and production depth of muons in air showers, and finally a parameter based on the rise-time of the surface detector signal, sensitive to the electromagnetic and muonic component of the shower. While there is good agreement found for observables based on the electromagnetic shower component, discrepancies are observed for muon-sensitive quantities.

A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF THE COSMIC RAYS INTERACTIONS WITH THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (12n13) ◽  
pp. 1625-1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. ZUCCON
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Particle Production ◽  
Nuclear Interaction ◽  
Atmospheric Density ◽  
Simulation Code ◽  
Geomagnetic Cutoff ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Production Mechanisms ◽  
Good Agreement

Substantial fluxes of protons and leptons with energies below the geomagnetic cutoff have been measured by the AMS experiment at altitudes of 370-390 Km, in the latitude interval ±51.7°. The production mechanisms of the observed trapped fluxes are investigated in detail by means of the FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation code. All known processes involved in the interaction of the cosmic protons with the atmosphere (detailed descriptions of the magnetic field atmospheric density, as well as the electromagnetic and nuclear interaction processes) are included in the simulation. The results are presented and compared with the experimental data, indicating good agreement with the observed fluxes. The impact of secondary proton flux on particle production in atmosphere is briefly discussed.

Target productions in forward and backward hemispheres in the interactions of 28Si-EM at 14.6A GeV

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1550084 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Abdelsalam ◽  
M. S. El-Nagdy ◽  
A. M. Abdalla ◽  
A. Saber
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Energy Dependence ◽  
Mass Number ◽  
Particle Production ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Anisotropy Ratio ◽  
Nuclear Emulsions ◽  
Slow Particle

This paper search for the results and properties of slow particle productions, appear as a gray and black tracks in nuclear emulsions, producing secondary charged particles which are emitted from [Formula: see text]Si interactions with emulsion nuclei at 14.6[Formula: see text] GeV. The forward particles emission of interactions, ([Formula: see text]) as well as the backward ones ([Formula: see text]), have been investigated. It includes the effect of both projectile mass number and energy on the production and multiplicities of these particles. The results compared with other experiments for the same target but with different projectiles and energies. The experimental data show that there are two different mechanisms responsible for the production of gray particles for the chosen channels of emission angles and each are energy dependence. This dependence is weakly on the projectile mass number. The same investigations are applied for black tracks producing particles. The experimental results show the production of these particles is purely target fragments independent on both projectile mass number and its energy. The anisotropy ratio of angular distribution (F/B) is applied for both kinds of particles which are found the value for gray particle production depends on the direction of emissions while it is unchanged for black particles.

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