Directional measurements of the cosmic-ray daily variation at a vertical depth of 60 m.w.e. in London

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S788-S793 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Peacock ◽  
J. C. Dutt ◽  
T. Thambyahpillai
Keyword(s):  
Solar Minimum ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Statistical Accuracy ◽  
Daily Variations ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux ◽  
Very High

Semicubical telescopes pointing in the vertical direction and inclined cubical telescopes pointing in the east and north directions have been employed to measure the cosmic-ray daily variation at an underground site in London. Although the statistical accuracy of the measured daily variations is not very high, there are strong indications that during 1965, which was the year of maximum cosmic-ray flux associated with the last solar minimum, tire upper limiting rigidity of the corotation anisotropy (with time of maximum at 1800 h) was reduced to such low values that a Compton–Getting effect due to the motion of the earth around the sun became observable. Also, the atmospheric contribution to the measured solar daily variations appears to be very small. There is no evidence for an enhancement of the observable sidereal daily variation associated with the lowering of the upper limiting rigidity of the corotation anisotropy.

scholarly journals Influence of Solar Minimum on Cosmic Ray Flux, Mutations in viruses and Pandemics like COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajagopal Kamath ◽  
Charunayan Kamath R
Keyword(s):  
Solar Minimum ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Solar Cycle 24 ◽  
Sun Spots ◽  
Cycle 24 ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

This interdisciplinary study takes into account the effect of the cosmic ray flux on mutations in viruses that result in virulent forms that lead to the occurrence of pandemics. Solar minimum, the reduction in the activity of the Sun which occurs cyclically every 11 years and deep solar minimum that occurs once in a century or so, results in increased cosmic ray flux to the Earth, which in turn generate mutations in viruses harboured in bats and other nocturnal animals. Almost all the previous pandemics occurred during solar minimum years when the Sun spots were lowest or absent and when the solar activity was at the lowest.This study suggests that the present Covid 19 pandemic is triggered by the mutated viromes in bats from latitudes above 30 degrees N. The increase in cosmic ray flux during the solar minimum of solar cycle 24 has contributed to this. It is improbable that SARS-CoV-2 emerged through laboratory manipulation of a related SARS-CoV-like coronavirus. This study indicates that SARS CoV 2 emerged as a result of biological and astrophysical processes.

scholarly journals 39. The anisotropy of primary cosmic radiation and the electromagnetic state in interplanetary space

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 377-385
Author(s):  
V. Sarabhai ◽  
N. W. Nerurkar ◽  
S. P. Duggal ◽  
T. S. G. Sastry
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Daily Variations ◽  
Primary Cosmic Radiation

Study of the anisotropy of cosmic rays from the measurement of the daily variation of meson intensity has demonstrated that there are significant day-today changes in the anisotropy of the radiation. New experimental data pertaining to these changes and their solar and terrestrial relationships are discussed.An interpretation of these changes of anisotropy in terms of the modulation of cosmic rays by streams of matter emitted by the sun is given. In particular, an explanation for the existence of the recently discovered types of daily variations exhibiting day and night maxima respectively, can be found by an extension of some ideas of Alfvén, Nagashima, and Davies. An integrated attempt is made to interpret the known features of the variation of cosmic ray intensity in conformity with ideas developed above.

TRANSIENT DECREASES IN COSMIC RAY INTENSITY DURING THE PERIOD OCTOBER 1956 TO JANUARY 1958

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Fenton ◽  
D. C. Rose ◽  
K. G. McCracken ◽  
B. G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Forbush Decrease ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Statistical Accuracy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Controlling Mechanism ◽  
Intensity Changes ◽  
Recurrence Tendency ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

Recent nucleon intensity data obtained from high counting rate recorders at Ottawa and Hobart, and subsidiary stations, have been examined for evidence for the superposition of transient decreases. It is concluded that, with the statistical accuracy now available due to the high counting rates, it is possible to distinguish two types of transient decreases in the observed variations, superimposed upon the slower 11-year intensity changes. One of these is an almost symmetrical event lasting up to 2 weeks and exhibiting a recurrence tendency of about 27 days, while the other is the more abrupt Forbush decrease which recovers over a period of several days. The evidence indicates that the intensity-controlling mechanism responsible for these short-term transient changes is able to influence the cosmic ray flux at the earth independently of other events that may be in progress at the time. There is also evidence that the physical process controlling the Forbush type of decrease operates over a volume large compared with the earth because the intensity changes at places as far apart as Ottawa, Canada, and Hobart, Tasmania, show changes that are the same within the accuracy of the measurements.

Anisotropy in cosmic-ray intensity associated with Forbush decreases

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S854-S858 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mathews ◽  
J. B. Mercer ◽  
D. Venkatesan
Keyword(s):  
Daily Variation ◽  
Forbush Decrease ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Turbulent Plasma ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The West ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Scattering Centers

A study of the Forbush decrease of 23 September 1966 shows that the predecrease anisotropy developed from a direction 85° to the west of the sun–earth line. The rate of development of the anisotropy suggests that the "turbulent" plasma producing the Forbush decrease occupied a volume of diameter ≈0.2–0.3 AU. If the plasma clouds away from the earth produced the anisotropy at the earth, then it is reasonable to attribute a part of the highly variable daily variation in cosmic-ray intensity to such distant scattering centers.

Influence of supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, solar flares, and cosmic rays on the terrestrial environment

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnon Dar
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Gamma Ray Bursts ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Threat To Life

Changes in the solar neighbourhood due to the motion of the sun in the Galaxy, solar evolution, and Galactic stellar evolution influence the terrestrial environment and expose life on the Earth to cosmic hazards. Such cosmic hazards include impact of near-Earth objects (NEOs), global climatic changes due to variations in solar activity and exposure of the Earth to very large fluxes of radiations and cosmic rays from Galactic supernova (SN) explosions and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Such cosmic hazards are of low probability, but their influence on the terrestrial environment and their catastrophic consequences, as evident from geological records, justify their detailed study, and the development of rational strategies, which may minimize their threat to life and to the survival of the human race on this planet. In this chapter I shall concentrate on threats to life from increased levels of radiation and cosmic ray (CR) flux that reach the atmosphere as a result of (1) changes in solar luminosity, (2) changes in the solar environment owing to the motion of the sun around the Galactic centre and in particular, owing to its passage through the spiral arms of the Galaxy, (3) the oscillatory displacement of the solar system perpendicular to the Galactic plane, (4) solar activity, (5) Galactic SN explosions, (6) GRBs, and (7) cosmic ray bursts (CRBs). The credibility of various cosmic threats will be tested by examining whether such events could have caused some of the major mass extinctions that took place on planet Earth and were documented relatively well in the geological records of the past 500 million years (Myr). A credible claim of a global threat to life from a change in global irradiation must first demonstrate that the anticipated change is larger than the periodical changes in irradiation caused by the motions of the Earth, to which terrestrial life has adjusted itself. Most of the energy of the sun is radiated in the visible range. The atmosphere is highly transparent to this visible light but is very opaque to almost all other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum except radio waves, whose production by the sun is rather small.

scholarly journals Tritium and Argon-39 in Stone and Iron Meteorites

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
St. Charalambus ◽  
K. Goebel ◽  
W. Stötzel-Riezler
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Earth Atmosphere ◽  
Iron Meteorites ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

Tritium and argon-39 measurements of stone and iron meteorites are reported and discussed. The tritium values of stone meteorites are in general higher than those found in other laboratories. The tritium decay rates in irons were low but a relatively high tritium value was measured in the rim of the meteorites. Factors which may influence the production rates are discussed and it is concluded that the average cosmic-ray flux which irradiated the meteorites must be at least a factor of two higher than the values reported by MacDonald for the cosmic-ray intensity at the top of the earth atmosphere.

A New Determination of Muon Directional Coupling Coefficients

1968 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 154-157
Author(s):  
D. J. Cooke ◽  
A. G. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Coupling Coefficients ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Directional Coupling ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux ◽  
Primary Cosmic Rays

Primary cosmic rays passing through the solar system carry with them valuable information about solar and astrophysical phenomena in the form of intensity and spectral variations. In order that this information be efficiently extracted from observations of the directional cosmic-ray flux at the surface of the Earth, it is essential to have accurate information available to enable the relating of the observed secondary cosmic-ray directions of motion and intensity to those outside the range of the disturbing terrestrial influences.

Cosmic ray flux at the Earth in a variable heliosphere

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1171-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Scherer ◽  
H. Fichtner ◽  
B. Heber ◽  
S.E.S. Ferreira ◽  
M.S. Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

Time variations of directional cosmic ray intensity at low latitudes - III. Interpretation of solar daily variation and changes of east-west asymmetry

1961 ◽  
Vol 263 (1312) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Local Source ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Low Latitudes ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
East West

The daily variation of cosmic ray intensity at low latitudes can under certain conditions be associated with an anisotropy of primary radiation. During 1957-8, this anisotropy had an energy spectrum of variation of the form aϵ -0.8±0.3 and corresponded to a source situated at an angle of 112 ± 10° to the left of the earth-sun line. The daily variation which can be associated with a local source situated along the earth-sun line has an energy spectrum of variation of the form aϵ 0 . Increases in east-west asymmetry and the associated daily variation for east and west directions can be explained by the acceleration of cosmic ray particles crossing beams of solar plasma in the neighbourhood of the earth. For beams of width 5 x 10 12 cm with a frozen magnetic field of the order of 10 -4 G, a radial velocity of about 1.5 x 108 cm/s is required. The process is possible only if the ejection of beams takes place in rarefied regions of inter­ planetary space which extend radially over active solar regions. An explanation of Forbush, type decreases observed at great distances from the earth requires similar limitation on the plasma density and conductivity of regions of interplanetary space. The decrease of east-west asymmetry associated with world-wide decreases of intensity and with SC magnetic storms is consistent with a screening of the low-energy cosmic ray particles due to magnetic fields in plasma clouds.

scholarly journals A criterion to discriminate between solar and cosmic ray forcing of the terrestrial climate

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 10811-10836 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Fichtner ◽  
K. Scherer ◽  
B. Heber
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Test Particle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Particle Simulations ◽  
Level Of Understanding

Abstract. There is increasing evidence that there exist interstellar-terrestrial relations and that the heliosphere's effectivity to serve as a protecting shield for the Earth, specifically against cosmic rays, is varying in time. Nonetheless, a debate is going on whether, amongst other drivers, the Sun or the cosmic rays are influencing the terrestrial climate, particularly on periods of hundred years and shorter. As the modelling of the transport of cosmic rays in the heliosphere has evolved from pure test particle simulations to far more consistent treatments, one can explain various correlations within the framework of physical models and one can make quantitative predictions regarding terrestrial indicators of interstellar-terrestrial relations. This level of understanding and modelling allows to identify a criterion with which one can discriminate between solar and cosmic ray forcing on a period of several decades. We define such a criterion and discuss related existing observations.

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