Atomic compression of the light element plasma to very high densities

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 823-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei M Frolov
Keyword(s):  
Light Element ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Central Idea ◽  
Hot Plasma ◽  
Thermonuclear Fuel ◽  
Explosive Devices ◽  
Very High ◽  
Actual Fusion

The basic atomic principles that are critically important for the workability of actual fusion devices are considered. In particular, we discuss the central idea of atomic compression. The atomic compression means self-compression of the light-element plasma that is placed in an isolated cavity with a very hot plasma of heavy elements. The related radiation-driven ablative implosion of the cold light-element thermonuclear fuel is also briefly reviewed. We also discuss the secondary atomic compression that is used to improve thermonuclear combustion in the light-element plasma. A possibility to create thermonuclear explosive devices in which electromagnetic vacuum becomes unstable is analyzed briefly.PACS Nos.: 28.25.Cx, 28.50.Re, 52.50.Jm

scholarly journals The light elements in a helio- and asteroseismic perspective

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S268) ◽  
pp. 387-394
Author(s):  
Sylvie Vauclair
Keyword(s):  
Main Sequence ◽  
Light Element ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Light Elements ◽  
Main Sequence Stars ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Helium Content ◽  
Element Abundances ◽  
The Past

AbstractAsteroseismology is a powerful tool to derive stellar parameters, including the helium content and internal helium gradients, and the macroscopic motions which can lead to lithium, beryllium, and boron abundance variations. Precise determinations of these parameters need deep analyses for each individual stars. After a general introduction on helio and asteroseismology, I first discuss the solar case, the results which have been obtained in the past two decades, and the crisis induced by the new determination of the abundances of heavy elements. Then I discuss asteroseismology in relation with light element abundances, especially for the case of main sequence stars.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic properties of thermonuclear fuel in inertial confinement fusion

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Brandon ◽  
B. Canaud ◽  
M. Temporal ◽  
R. Ramis
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Inertial Confinement Fusion ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Inertial Confinement ◽  
Direct Drive ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Confinement Fusion ◽  
Thermonuclear Fuel ◽  
Target Family ◽  
Very High

AbstractHot-spot path in the thermodynamic space $({\rm \rho} R,T_{\rm i} )_{{\rm hs}} $ is investigated for direct-drive scaled-target family covering a huge interval of kinetic energy on both sides of kinetic threshold for ignition. Different peak implosion velocities and two initial aspect ratios have been considered. It is shown that hot spot follows almost the same path during deceleration up to stagnation whatever the target is. As attended, after stagnation, a clear distinction is done between non-, marginally-, or fully igniting targets. For the last, ionic temperature can reach very high values when the thermonuclear energy becomes very high.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Toxic Elements Resulting from the Manufacture of Bricks on Air and Soil at Abu Smeache Area - Southwest Babylon governorate - Iraq

2019 ◽  
pp. 2443-2456
Author(s):  
Murtadha J. Issa ◽  
Hussain Musa Hussain ◽  
Inas Hadi Shaker
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Particles ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Total Suspended Particles ◽  
High Pollution ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High ◽  
Slight Contamination

     Brick factories distributed within the study area use fuel oil to complete the burning of the bricks, were high amounts of gases and suspended particles with different concentrations of heavy elements are produced and cause air and soil pollution. It is noted that the workers suffer from respiratory diseases and other health problems. This study is an attempt to detect the sources and concentrations of pollutants and to propose modalities for their treatment and reduction. Air and soil samples were collected from different sites in Abu Smeache brick factory in Al-Kifl area to the south of Babel city, Iraq, during two seasons (summer and winter). The process also included collecting and modelling of dust and soil samples from two depth, surface and sub-surface, to detect pollution and the mobility of heavy elements across the different depths. Heavy elements (Pb, Ni, Co), along with gases (CO, CO2, NO2, SO2) and total suspended particles (TSP) in the air, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The air results showed high pollution with all the studied heavy elements, while the levels of TSP and SO2 were higher than global and Iraqi limits in most of the studied stations, especially in the winter. The results also showed significant pollution in the soil with lead along with slight contamination with nickel and cobalt. Soil contamination was evaluated using several contamination indices; the values of contamination factors (CF) for the lead were very high, while CF values for nickel and copper indicated low to moderate pollution. Also, the high values of PLI ˃1 in the soil indicated high pollution with heavy elements, which provides clear evidence of the impact of industrial human activities on the environment of the region. In addition, low values of i-geo indicated a moderate contamination with lead and an unpolluted status for both nickel and copper. These results indicate a great need to develop strategies to prevent and reduce pollution by heavy metals in  the areas under rapid industrial and urban development.

Constraints on the heavy elements production in inhomogeneous Big-Bang nucleosynthesis from light-element observations

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riou Nakamura ◽  
Masa-aki Hashimoto ◽  
Sin-ichiro Fujimoto ◽  
Nobuya Nishimura ◽  
Katsuhiko Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Element ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

scholarly journals The absorption of hard monochromatic γ -radiation.—Part II

1932 ◽  
Vol 135 (826) ◽  
pp. 223-237 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Number ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Quantum Energy ◽  
High Quantum ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Very High ◽  
Considerable Intensity

Thorium C" emits in very considerable intensity a monochromatic γ-ray of very high quantum energy (2·649 × 10 6 e -volts) free from any other radiation of quantum energy greater than 0·786X 10 6 e -volts, so that it can be isolated by filtering through a few centimetres of lead. Experiments by Tarrant, Meitner and Hupfeld, Chao and by Jacobsen on the absorption of these rays are in agreement in leading to the conclusion that the scattering formula of Klein and Nishina is a good approximation for the elements of low atomic number. The absorption coefficients of the heavy elements, however, indicate that a new mode of γ-ray absorption is occurring, which may be nuclear in origin.

scholarly journals Light elements in stars with exoplanets

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S268) ◽  
pp. 291-299
Author(s):  
N. C. Santos ◽  
E. Delgado Mena ◽  
G. Israelian ◽  
J. I. González-Hernández ◽  
M. C. Gálvez-Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Status ◽  
Light Element ◽  
Giant Planets ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Average Field ◽  
Light Elements ◽  
Element Abundances

AbstractIt is well known that stars orbited by giant planets have higher abundances of heavy elements when compared with average field dwarfs. A number of studies have also addressed the possibility that light element abundances are different in these stars. In this paper we will review the present status of these studies. The most significant trends will be discussed.

scholarly journals Big Bang nucleosynthesis with long-lived strongly interacting relic particles

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S268) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Motohiko Kusakabe ◽  
Toshitaka Kajino ◽  
Takashi Yoshida ◽  
Grant J. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Beta Decay ◽  
Bound States ◽  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Interaction Strength ◽  
Light Element ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis ◽  
Element Abundances ◽  
Strongly Interacting

AbstractWe study effects of relic long-lived strongly interacting massive particles (X particles) on big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). The X particle is assumed to have existed during the BBN epoch, but decayed long before detected. The interaction strength between an X and a nucleon is assumed to be similar to that between nucleons. Rates of nuclear reactions and beta decay of X-nuclei are calculated, and the BBN in the presence of neutral charged X0 particles is calculated taking account of captures of X0 by nuclei. As a result, the X0 particles form bound states with normal nuclei during a relatively early epoch of BBN leading to the production of heavy elements. Constraints on the abundance of X0 are derived from observations of primordial light element abundances. Particle models which predict long-lived colored particles with lifetimes longer than ~200 s are rejected. This scenario prefers the production of 9Be and 10B. There might, therefore, remain a signature of the X particle on primordial abundances of those elements. Possible signatures left on light element abundances expected in four different models are summarized.

scholarly journals Low Energy Lines in Spectra of Gamma Bursts

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
G.S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan ◽  
A.F. Illarionov
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Β Decay ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Hot Plasma ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Star Surface ◽  
Non Equilibrium

AbstractWe connect the phenomenon of gamma ray bursts with nuclear explosions on the old neutron stars. The matter of the neutron star in the non-equilibrium layer at depths of 30 m ≤ h ≥ 100 m consists of superheavy (A ≥ 300) nuclei with a surplus of neutrons (A/Z = 3 ÷ 4). These nuclei are metastable and exist only at high pressure. After the starquake some of the matter from non-equilibrium layer may move upwards and its nuclei become unstable. The β-decay is followed by a chain reaction of fission and nuclear explosion. The gamma ray burst is observed as radiation of the star surface heated to high temperature. Some mass may be ejected, forming expanding cloud. It consists mainly of the iron Fe56 with small (≤ 1%) additions of heavy elements (Ba, I, …) arising from the fission. The passage of stellar gamma radiation through the expanding plasma clouds leads to the formation of short-lived spectral features. Strong absorption of the soft gamma rays on K-electrons of Fe56 must be observed in the early stages. The gamma quanta with energies ε = 40–70 keV beyond the K-edge of the heavy elements (Ba, I, …) are absorbed in the later stages. A wide Kα line (εα = 30 keV) appears simultaneously. The free-free emission of expanding hot plasma cloud may be observed as a short flash in optical band.

scholarly journals Discussion after Paper by Mustel

1974 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 196-197
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
High Loss ◽  
Loss Of Mass ◽  
Very High

Tayler: I wish to provoke some discussion between observers and theoreticians. Theoreticians require supernovae to produce large amounts of heavy elements and that very large mass loss should occur. However, it is not clear that observers ever see a very high loss of mass or very large amounts of heavy elements. Is this a serious discrepancy?

scholarly journals Proton–boron-11 fusion reactions induced by heat-detonation burning waves

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Eliezer ◽  
J. M. Martínez-Val
Keyword(s):  
Layer Structure ◽  
Fusion Reaction ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Fusion Reactions ◽  
Bremsstrahlung Radiation ◽  
Radiation Losses ◽  
Double Layer Structure ◽  
Electron Heat ◽  
Hot Plasma ◽  
Very High

Proton-boron-11 is the clean fusion reactionpar excellence, but it is very difficult to exploit it because of the very high ignition temperature of this reaction and its moderate fusion yield. In this paper, a proposal is made to induce these reactions by a heat-detonation wave that expands across a compressed target. The front of the wave has a double-layer structure, with a first front driven by electron heat conduction and a second front heated by α-particle energy deposition. Both fronts create a hot plasma where the stopping power is dominated by ions. The wave is originated by an ignitor triggered by an ultraintense lightning beam. This beam can be made of photons (laser), plasma (ramjets), or ions (proton beams, borane clusters). Proton beam shots of 1022. W/cm2and several GA for some picoseconds would be needed for this purpose. The supersonic propagation of the fusion wave and the ignitor requirements are analyzed in this paper. The main conclusion is that the burning wave can only propagate if a substantial fraction of the radiation losses from the already burning fuel is reabsorbed in the colder fuel. It is calculated that for densities larger than few thousands g/cm3most of the bremsstrahlung radiation created in the hot plasma can be reabsorbed by the Compton effect in a region of 1 g/cm2optical thickness of the surrounding compressed and cold fuel.

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