Effects of charge non-neutrality and finite beta on the electron temperature gradient modes in Tokamaks

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
A Hirose ◽  
D Z Liu ◽  
S Livingstone ◽  
A Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Electron Temperature ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Skin Depth ◽  
Electron Temperature Gradient ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Length Estimate ◽  
52.35 Py

Local kinetic analysis of the electron temperature gradient (ETG) mode in Tokamaks indicates that the effects of charge non-neutrality are significant in the parameter regime of Tokamaks. The maximum growth rate occurs at (k/kDe)2 [Formula: see text] 0.5 when the electron temperature and density are varied over a wide range. The growth rate becomes dependent on the β factor even though the ETG mode is predominantly electrostatic. Finite β stabilization of the ETG mode requires a large ballooning parameter so as to cause an effective drift reversal. Mixing length estimate yields an electron thermal diffusivity χe [Formula: see text] qνTe (c/ωpe)2 [Formula: see text] / Ln where c/ωpe is the electron skin depth. PACS Nos.: 52.65.Tt, 52.55.Fa, 52.35.Py

scholarly journals Effects of index selection on the performance and carcass composition of sheep given foods of different protein concentrationsad libitum

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Lewis ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
G. Simm
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractSheep of a line selected on an index to increase carcass lean content at 150 days of age (selected (S); no. = 90), and an unselected control line (control (C); no. = 90), were given ad libitum foods of three different protein concentrations (192, 141 and 120 g/kg dry matter). Growth was measured from about 21 to 114 kg live weight. The carcasses of each line were analysed for lean, fat and bone at three widely varying weights in both males and females. Level of protein did not affect the extent to which S was superior to C in the content of fat (0.86 as much) or lean (1.08 as much) in the carcass. The fat concentration of the carcass increased, and the lean concentration decreased, as dietary protein concentration was reduced (P < 0.01). On the highest level of protein used, the S line grew 1.17 times as fast and was 1.10 times as efficient compared with C. The extent to which growth rate in S exceeded that in C was greater on the highest level of protein used (92.3 g/day) than on the two lower protein diets (26.4 g/day). The difference of 65.9 (s.e. 18.4) g/day was significant (P < 0.01). On the diet of highest protein concentration, growth was well described by a Gompertz function. The S line had an estimated maximum growth rate 1.25 times that of the C when averaged across males and females. A Spillman function was used to describe weight in terms of cumulative intake. It worked well for all three levels of dietary protein concentration. S sheep performed better than unselected sheep on foods differing in protein concentration and over a wide range of live weights, suggesting benefits are likely within the diverse farming environments found in practice.

Dynamics of Exploited Whitefish Populations and their Management with Special Reference to the Northwest Territories

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Healey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Stock Size ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Wide Range

Available data on mortality, growth, reproduction, and stock size in exploited and unexploited populations of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) are reviewed with a view to understanding the dynamics of exploited populations and improving their management. Natural mortality ranged from about 0.20 to 0.80 in unexploited populations. In exploited populations total mortality was as high as 0.94. Unexploited populations showed a wide range of growth rates. Growth rate increased with increasing exploitation, and growth rate in all heavily exploited populations was similar to the most rapid growth rate shown by unexploited stocks. Heavily exploited whitefish matured at a younger age and possibly also at a smaller size than those which were unexploited. Limited data on stock size suggest that although total population size declines under heavy exploitation, the vulnerable population remains of similar size.It is concluded that whitefish respond to fluctuations in population size through compensatory changes in growth rate, the difference between growth rate in a population and maximum growth rate is a measure of its scope for compensating for increased mortality. Populations with slow growth rate and low mortality should, therefore, have the best fishery potential, while those with high growth rate and high mortality have a low fishery potential. Further, it is possible to judge the fishery potential of a population or its stage of exploitation from relatively simple measurements of mortality, growth, age structure, and maturity.

scholarly journals Isolation, characterization, and bio-insecticidal efficiency of Ethiopian isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis against Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and tomato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amha Gebremariam ◽  
Yonas Chekol ◽  
Fassil Assefa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Protein Detection ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, and spore-forming microbial entomopathogen. The silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a worldwide important cryptic species causing serious economic damage to several vegetable crops including tomato. The aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate the bio-insecticidal effects of locally isolated Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) against Galleria mellonella and Bemisia tabaci. Results Thirty-one isolates of Bt were obtained from 70 soil samples based on cultural characterization coupled with insecticidal crystal protein detection. All of the 31 bacterial isolates were pre-screened for their bio-insecticidal property against the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L. larvae. Only 20 (64.5%) isolates were virulent to G. mellonella with a percentage mortality that ranged from 2.50 to 95%. The groEL gene sequences of all 20 entomopathogenic indigenous isolates displayed 99–100% similarity with Bt isolates. Bioassay evaluation of 12 selected isolates against 3rd to 4th nymphal instars of B. tabaci with spore-crystal suspensions of 1 × 109 spores/ml caused 0 to 31.25%, 0 to 57%, and 0 to 82.5% percentage mortality within 48, 96, and 144 h accordingly. Among isolates of Bt, isolate AAUDS-16 had the highest virulence, followed by the isolate AAUES-69D with LC50 values of 9.67 × 106 spores/ml and 1.16 × 107 spores/ml, respectively. The virulent isolates were tested for their growth response to a different temperature range between 15 and 40 °C. All isolates showed a maximum growth rate around 30 °C. Conclusions Bt isolates of AAUES-69D and AAUDS-16 displayed high insecticidal potential against B. tabaci nymphs and G. mellonella larvae, and showed a maximum growth rate in a wide range of temperature. High virulence and temperature-tolerant isolates should be important candidates for diverse insecticidal toxin studies.

A note on growth curves of rabbit lines selected on growth rate or litter size

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Blasco ◽  
E. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Using Data

Two synthetic lines of rabbits were used in the experiment. Line V, selected on litter size, and line R, selected on growth rate. Ninety-six animals were randomly collected from 48 litters, taking a male and a female each time. Richards and Gompertz growth curves were fitted. Sexual dimorphism appeared in the line V but not in the R. Values for b and k were similar in all curves. Maximum growth rate took place in weeks 7 to 8. A break due to weaning could be observed in weeks 4 to 5. Although there is a remarkable similarity of the values of all the parameters using data from the first 20 weeks only, the higher standard errors on adult weight would make 30 weeks the preferable time to take data for live-weight growth curves.

Ion scale nonlinear interaction triggered by disparate scale electron temperature gradient mode

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 052301
Author(s):  
Chanho Moon ◽  
Tatsuya Kobayashi ◽  
Kimitaka Itoh ◽  
Rikizo Hatakeyama ◽  
Toshiro Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Electron Temperature ◽  
Nonlinear Interaction ◽  
Electron Temperature Gradient ◽  
Gradient Mode

Reassessment of Maximum Growth Rates for C3 and C4 Crops

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Similar Difference ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiencies

SUMMARYFigures for maximum crop growth rates, reviewed by Gifford (1974), suggest that the productivity of C3 and C4 species is almost indistinguishable. However, close inspection of these figures at source and correspondence with several authors revealed a number of errors. When all unreliable figures were discarded, the maximum growth rate for C3 stands fell in the range 34–39 g m−2 d−1 compared with 50–54 g m−2 d−1 for C4 stands. Maximum growth rates averaged over the whole growing season showed a similar difference: 13 g m−2 d−1 for C3 and 22 g m−2 d−1 for C4. These figures correspond to photosynthetic efficiencies of approximately 1·4 and 2·0%.

Interpretation of Experimental Data with Regard to the Activated Sludge Model No.1 and Calibration of the Model for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 167-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Siegrist ◽  
M. Tschui
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge Model

The wastewater of the municipal treatment plants Zürich-Werdhölzli (350000 population equivalents), Zürich-Glatt (110000), and Wattwil (20000) have been characterized with regard to the activated sludge model Nr.1 of the IAWPRC task group. Zürich-Glatt and Wattwil are partly nitrifying treatment plants and Zürich-Werdhölzli is fully nitrifying. The mixing characteristics of the aeration tanks at Werdhölzli and Glatt were determined with sodium bromide as a tracer. The experimental data were used to calibrate hydrolysis, heterotrophic growth and nitrification. Problems arising by calibrating hydrolysis of the paniculate material and by measuring oxygen consumption of heterotrophic and nitrifying microorganisms are discussed. For hydrolysis the experimental data indicate first-order kinetics. For nitrification a maximum growth rate of 0.40±0.07 d−1, corresponding to an observed growth rate of 0.26±0.04 d−1 was calculated at 10°C. The half velocity constant found for 12 and 20°C was 2 mg NH4-N/l. The calibrated model was verified with experimental dam of me Zürich-Werdhölzli treatment plant during ammonia shock load.

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