Role of thyroid hormone in cold-induced changes in rat brown adipose tissue mitochondria

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 530-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Triandafillou ◽  
Cynthia Gwilliam ◽  
Jean Himms-Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Polypeptide Composition ◽  
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Intact Rats

The role of thyroid gland in cold-induced growth of brown adipose tissue and in cold-induced adaptive changes in brown adipose tissue mitochondria was investigated. Interscapular brown adipose tissue of thyroidectomized rats maintained at 28 °C was of normal size (protein, cytochrome oxidase content) and its mitochondria were normal, as judged from the level of GDP binding and the polypeptide composition. (GDP binds to a 32 000 dalton polypeptide component of the inner mitochondrial membrane. This component is part of the thermogenic proton conductance pathway. The level of GDP binding is a sensitive indicator of the thermogenic state of the tissue.) Brown adipose tissue mitochondria of thyroidectomized rats exposed to 4 °C for 15 h did not show the usual increase in GDP binding, an indication of a lack of a thermogenic response; the response was restored in thyroxine-treated thyroidectomized animals. In thyroidectomized rats treated with a low maintenance dose of thyroxine (25 μg/kg, s.c., three times per week) and acclimated to cold (4 °C) for 2 weeks, a normal growth of brown adipose (increase in protein and cytochrome oxidase) and normal changes in mitochondria (increase in GDP binding and an increase in the proportion of polypeptides of molecular weight 31 200 – 34 400) occurred. Treatment of intact rats with a large dose of thyroxine (1000 μg/kg, s. c., per day) resulted in a large increase in wet weight, mainly due to lipid accumulation since only small increases in protein and cytochrome oxidase and no change in DNA content occurred; mitochondrial GDP binding was decreased and polypeptide composition unchanged. It is concluded that thyroid hormone exerts a permissive effect on the cold-induced, noradrenaline-mediated, unmasking of GDP-binding sites in brown adipose tissue. The failure of the thyroidectomized rat to survive at 4 °C is probably primarily due to its inability to activate thermogenesis in its brown adipose tissue. Thyroid hormone does not appear to be involved, other than in a permissive way, in long-term cold-induced growth and mitochondrial changes in brown adipose tissue, since these occur normally in the presence of only small amounts of thyroxine in thyroidectomized rats and do not occur in intact rats treated with large amounts of thyroxine.

Dopamine β-hydroxylase and cytochrome oxidase activities in brown adipose tissue of newborn rats following sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Behrens ◽  
Florent Depocas
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Newborn Rat ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Nervous System Activity ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine

Dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) (EC 1.14.17.1) activity is present in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) as early as 2 days of age in the white rat. The specific and the total activities of this enzyme, as well as those of cytochrome oxidase (COX) (EC 1.9.3.1) in IBAT increase up to at least 20 days of age. Daily administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) between the second and the twelfth day after birth does not significantly alter IBAT weight gain relative to untreated controls, but the increase in protein content with age is reduced to about half the normal value at the end of the treatment. The treatment with 6-OHDA also results in a drastic lowering of DBH specific and total activities, and a much smaller rate of increase of COX specific and total activities with age in IBAT compared with controls. These results provide additional evidence for a previously proposed role of sympathetic nervous system activity in the development of the thermogenic potential of IBAT in the newborn rat.

Lipid metabolism: Effects of immunosympathectomy and acclimation to cold

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Steiner ◽  
E. Schönbaum ◽  
G. E. Johnson ◽  
E. A. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Liver Lipids ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Glucose Recovery ◽  
Intact Rats

The effects of immunosympathectomy and acclimation to cold on the incorporation of glucose-U-14C into lipids of the interscapular brown adipose tissue, epididymal fat pad, and liver of rats have been investigated. Acclimation to cold was associated with an increase in glucose recovered in the total lipids of brown adipose tissue. These changes in glucose recovery were the same in immunosympathectomized as in intact rats. The brown adipose tissue of the two groups of cold-acclimated rats differed, however, in that this tissue in the immunosympathectomized animals was larger and had more lipid. Suggestions are raised to explain these findings. Neither immunosympathectomy nor cold acclimation produced any changes in white adipose tissue. Immunosympathectomy did not alter the liver's handling of glucose. However, cold-acclimation was associated with an increase in the relative weight of the liver and a decrease in glucose recovery in liver lipids.

Abnormal brown adipose tissue in hamsters with muscular dystrophy

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (1) ◽  
pp. C18-C22 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Himms-Hagen ◽  
C. Gwilliam
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Purine Nucleotides ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cardiomyopathic Hamster ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Cardiomyopathic Hamsters ◽  
Wet Weight

The size (wet weight, total protein, total cytochrome oxidase) of interscapular brown adipose tissue is reduced to about one-half of normal in the cardiomyopathic hamster (BIO 14.6). The mitochondria are normal in binding of purine nucleotides [guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP)] and in proportion of polypeptides in the region of 32,000, both indices of the thermogenic proton conductance pathway, and in specific activity of cytochrome oxidase. Brown adipose tissue of the cardiomyopathic hamster can grow during acclimation to 4 degrees C, but its size remains smaller than in cold-acclimated normal hamsters. Mitochondrial polypeptide composition is not altered by acclimation to cold, but a large increase in mitochondrial GDP binding occurs in both normal and cardiomyopathic hamsters. The reduced calorigenic response of cardiomyopathic hamsters to catecholamines (Horwitz, B.A., and G.E. Hanes, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 147: 393-395, 1974) may, at least in part, be explained by a reduction in the amount of brown adipose tissue, the major site of this response. A defect in control of growth of this tissue in the cardiomyopathic hamster is suggested.

Glucagon stimulation of brown adipose tissue growth and thermogenesis

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (1) ◽  
pp. R160-R165 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Billington ◽  
T. J. Bartness ◽  
J. Briggs ◽  
A. S. Levine ◽  
J. E. Morley
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose

Despite long-standing observations of a whole-body thermogenic effect of glucagon, the role of glucagon in activating thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue has not often been studied. We investigated the ability of administered glucagon to produce alterations in brown adipose tissue similar to changes produced by accepted stimuli of brown fat activity: cold, norepinephrine, and overfeeding. Eighteen days of glucagon injections (1 mg/kg) to male Sprague-Dawley rats produced, relative to saline-injected controls, decreases in feed efficiency and increases in brown adipose tissue weight, protein content, DNA content, and mitochondrial mass as reflected in cytochrome oxidase activity. The observed changes were similar, though of lesser magnitude, to changes produced in these same parameters induced by administration of norepinephrine (250 micrograms/kg) for a positive control group. Four days of glucagon administration (1 mg/kg) produced increases in specific activity of cytochrome oxidase and lipoprotein lipase. After 8 days of glucagon administration, changes in whole-pad activity similar to those seen with 18 days of administration were present. Glucagon also increased whole-pad lipoprotein lipase activity after 4 and 8 days. Surgically denervated interscapular brown adipose tissue retained its ability to respond to exogenous glucagon, though the magnitude of the response was diminished. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) binding to brown adipose tissue mitochondria was measured as an assessment of functional state after 5 days of glucagon (1 mg/kg). There was an increase in GDP binding relative to controls whether expressed as picomoles per milligram mitochondrial protein or nanomoles per pad.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Central Role of Brown Adipose Tissue Thyroxine 5′-Deiodinase on Thyroid Hormone-Dependent Thermogenic Response to Cold*

Endocrinology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 2149-2159 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUZY D. CARVALHO ◽  
EDNA T. KIMURA ◽  
ANTONIO C. BIANCO ◽  
J. ENRIQUE SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Thermogenic Response

Role of the sympathetic innervation in the cold-induced activation of 5′-deiodinase in brown adipose tissue of the Djungarian hamster

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 1896-1900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anette Meywirth ◽  
Uwe Redlin ◽  
Stephan Steinlechner ◽  
Gerhard Heldmaier ◽  
Russel J. Reiter
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Djungarian Hamster ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Deiodinase Activity ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Norepinephrine Content

The importance of the sympathetic innervation in the regulation of 5′-deiodinase activity in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) of the Djungarian hamster was studied. Interscapular BAT of Djungarian hamsters was either unilaterally or bilaterally denervated, and thereafter the animals were maintained at thermoneutral temperature or exposed to 0 °C for 24 h. Denervation reduced the norepinephrine content to 2–10% of the level in the control groups. Unilateral denervation was as effective as bilateral denervation in depressing the norepinephrine content of the interscapular BAT. Cold exposure for 24 h resulted in a pronounced 5′-deiodinase activation. Denervation reduced, but did not completely prevent, the cold-induced increase in 5′-deiodinase activity. The basal level of 5′-deiodinase activity at thermoneutral temperature was not reduced by denervation. We conclude that cold-induced activation of BAT 5′-deiodinase primarily depends on the intact sympathetic innervation.Key words: nonshivering thermogenesis, brown fat, 5′-deiodinase, Phodopus sungorus.

Growth of interscapular brown adipose tissue in cold-acclimated hypophysectomized rats maintained on thyroxine and corticosterone

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 838-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Fellenz ◽  
Joan Triandafillou ◽  
Cynthia Gwilliam ◽  
Jean Himms-Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Proton Conductance ◽  
Polypeptide Composition ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) of rats is known to grow in response to acclimation to cold. The growth is accompanied by changes in mitochondrial polypeptide composition (an increase in the relative proportion of a polypeptide of molecular weight 32 000, known to be associated with the thermogenic proton conductance pathway). The mediator of the change in mitochondrial polypeptide composition is unknown. The objective of these experiments was to find out whether any of the pituitary hormones might be the mediator. Treatment of rats with growth hormone failed to alter BAT size or mitochondrial polypeptide composition. BAT grew and the change in BAT mitochondrial polypeptide composition occurred in cold-acclimated hypophysectomized rats, maintained on thyroxine and corticosterone to ensure their survival in the cold. It is concluded that none of the pituitary hormones is the mediator for the cold-induced change in BAT mitochondrial polypeptide composition or is required to exert a direct effect on BAT for cold-induced BAT growth to occur. It also seems unlikely that more than a maintenance amount of glucocorticoids is required for normal cold-induced growth of BAT; these hormones are thus also unlikely to mediate the change in BAT mitochondrial polypeptide composition. The requirement for no more than a maintenance amount of thyroxine for BAT growth and for the cold-induced change in BAT mitochondrial polypeptide composition confirms previous conclusions drawn from studies on cold-acclimated thyroidectomized rats.

Evidence against a Mediatory Role of Brown Adipose Tissue in the Calorigenic Response of Cold-Acclimated Rats to Noradrenaline

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1051-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
David O. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Colonic Temperature ◽  
Vascular Connections

The calorigenic response to infused noradrenaline (NA) of barbital-anesthetized, cold-acclimated, adult, gnotobiotic, albino rats tested 1 h after removal of interscapular brown adipose tissue (I.B.A.T.) was 14% lower than before surgery and 15% lower than the response of either sham-operated or non-operated rats; but 4 days later, the response of rats without I.B.A.T. was not significantly different from that of the controls. In unanesthetized rats, response to NA was also unaffected by interruption of blood flow to I.B.A.T. 1–3 days before the measurements. Since these results do not conform with previous findings of 30–60% reductions in response to NA following removal of I.B.A.T. or interference with the tissue's vascular connections, they contradict the current hypothesis that the B.A.T. of cold-acclimated rodents has a unique role as a mediator of calorigenesis in other tissues.A supplementary feature of the study was the discovery of apparent thermolability in the process by which cold-acclimated rats respond calorigenically to NA. If, during infusion of NA, colonic temperature exceeded about 41.5 °C, an apparently critical degree of hyperthermia response to the hormone during a subsequent infusion was reduced. This reduction was linearly related to the previous maximum colonic temperature over the range 41.6–42.4 °C and amounted to approximately 70% at 42.4 °C. These results indicate the necessity for monitoring the body temperatures of animals during infusion of NA, particularly in experiments in which two or more tests of response to NA are done on the same animal. Since such temperature measurements were not reported in those studies that have suggested a mediatory role of B.A.T. in calorigenesis in rodents, it is not possible to resolve the discrepancies on this basis.

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