Biosynthesis of Sphingomyelin in Developing Brain Tissues

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 1498-1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sribney ◽  
Marilyn K. Duffe ◽  
Eileen M. Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Chicken Liver ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Developing Rat ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Tissues

The properties of the enzyme phosphorylcholine–ceramide transferase (CDP-choiine:ceramide cholinephosphotransferase, EC 2.7.8.3) which catalyzes the biosynthesis of sphingomyelin has been studied in brain tissues of the developing rat, chick, and calf. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of the phosphorylcholine moiety from the coenzyme CDP-choline to the free primary hydroxyl group of threo-ceramides containing short-chain fatty acids in acyl linkage. Free erythro- or threo-sphingosines and erythro-ceramides with either short- or long-chain fatty acids in acyl linkage do not act as acceptors of phosphorylcholine in these tissues. In contrast to chicken liver these brain tissues do not catalyze the menadione-stimulated formation of sphingomyelin from erythro-cetamidts. Brain tissues have been found to inhibit the menadione-stimulated formation of sphingomyelin catalyzed by chicken liver mitochondria. Other properties of brain phosphorylcholine–ceramide transferase are also described.

The major fatty acids in whole milk fat and in a fraction obtained by crystallization from acetone

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Mattsson ◽  
P. Swartling ◽  
R. Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetone Insoluble ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

SummarySummer and winter milk-fat samples from 14 dairies in Sweden were fractionated by crystallization from acetone solution (1:8) at 15 °C. The composition of the major fatty acids of the parent milk fat and of the acetone insoluble fraction were examined by GLC, and the gross triglyceride pattern by TLC on plates of silicic acid treated with silver nitrate.The fatty acid composition of the milk fat was similar to that of milk fat from other countries and varied according to season and also, to a smaller extent, from region to region. Four fractions, representing 33–45, 41–34, 18–14 and 7–6 % of the fat and which contained progressively smaller proportions of saturated acids, were obtained by TLC.The acetone insoluble glyceride (AIG) fraction was characterized by a smaller content of short-chain fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids, and a larger content of saturated long-chain fatty acids, than the parent milk fat. AIGs from summer milk fat contained a larger proportion of C18 acids and a smaller proportion of C6–C16 acids than AIGs from winter milk fat.Four fractions representing 62–70, 15–8, 16–15 and 7 % of the AIG fraction were obtained by TLC. The distribution of the triglycerides in the AIG fraction differed from that in the parent milk fat, mostly in the relative amounts of glycerides in the 2 most saturated TLC fractions. The seasonal variation was largely confined to these 2 fractions.

scholarly journals Oxidation of Long Chain Fatty Acids by Rat Liver Mitochondria

1967 ◽  
Vol 242 (9) ◽  
pp. 2102-2110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo R. Rossi ◽  
Lauro Galzigna ◽  
Adolfo Alexandre ◽  
David M. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Mouse GPR40 heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes is activated by short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acids

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (3) ◽  
pp. C785-C792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Stewart ◽  
Tohru Hira ◽  
Andrew Higgins ◽  
Craig P. Smith ◽  
John T. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Xenopus Laevis Oocytes ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Several orphan G protein-coupled receptors, including GPR40, have recently been shown to be responsive to fatty acids. Although previous reports have suggested GPR40 detects medium- and long-chain fatty acids, it has been reported to be unresponsive to short chain fatty acids. In this study, we have heterologously expressed mouse GPR40 in Xenopus laevis oocytes and measured fatty acid-induced increases in intracellular Ca2+, via two electrode voltage clamp recordings of the endogenous Ca2+-activated chloride conductance. Exposure to 500 μM linoleic acid (C18:2), a long-chain fatty acid, stimulated significant currents in mGPR40-injected oocytes ( P < 0.01, ANOVA), but not in water-injected control oocytes (not significant, ANOVA). These currents were confirmed as Ca2+-activated chloride conductances because they were biphasic, sensitive to changes in external pH, and inhibited by DIDS. Similar currents were observed with medium-chain fatty acids, such as lauric acid (C12:0) ( P < 0.01, ANOVA), and more importantly, with short-chain fatty acids, such as butyric acid (C4:0) ( P < 0.01, ANOVA). In contrast, no responses were observed in mGPR40-injected oocytes exposed to either acetic acid (C2:0) or propionic acid (C3:0). Therefore, GPR40 has the capacity to respond to fatty acids with chain lengths of four or greater. This finding has important implications for understanding the structure:function relationship of fatty acid sensors, and potentially for short-chain fatty acid sensing in the gastrointestinal tract.

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