Effect of excision and benzimidazole treatment on folate content of wheat leaves and wheat leaf chloroplasts

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1091-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Streptococcus Faecalis ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Peak Fraction

Crude extracts were prepared from freshly harvested wheat leaves, and from leaves floated on water or on solutions of benzimidazole. Extracts were also prepared from chloroplasts isolated with non-aqueous solvents from similar leaves. All extracts were fractionated on DEAE-cellulose columns. Folate content was determined with Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecalis, and Pediococcus cerevisiae as assay organisms.Total folates increased in leaves after excision whether benzimidazole was present or not. The increase was mainly due to an increase of conjugates of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Similar folate drifts were observed in chloroplasts isolated from these samples. Peak fraction analyses indicated that methylated folate conjugates were converted to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and formylated folates disappeared in leaves floated on water. Benzimidazole treatment arrested the degradation of conjugated folates, except that of a formylated folate found only in chloroplasts.

Folate derivatives in healthy and rust-infected primary leaves of wheat

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1161-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rohringer ◽  
W. K. Kim ◽  
D. J. Samborski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Resistant Line ◽  
Streptococcus Faecalis ◽  
Susceptible Line ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Chicken Pancreas

Six days after inoculation, crude extracts were prepared from healthy and rust-infected wheat leaves of a susceptible line and from healthy and rust-infected wheat leaves of a resistant line. Extracts from rust-infected leaves of both lines contained 50% more folates, active as growth factors for Lactobacillus casei, than did those from healthy leaves. Rust-infected leaves did not differ from healthy leaves in their content of folates active as growth factors for Streptococcus faecalis and Pediococcus cerevisiae.All extracts were fractionated on DEAE-cellulose columns. The eluate fractions were treated with chicken pancreas conjugase and assayed with L. casei. All extracts yielded similar folate profiles consisting of five major and three minor peaks. Conjugase treatment and differential assay of the peak fractions with L. casei, S. faecalis, and P. cerevisiae indicated that the eluates contained folates methylated at N-5 and folates formylated at N-10 in various states of oxidation and conjugation. The eluates also contained a compound believed to be 5-formyltetrahydropteroylglutamate, small amounts of pteroylglutamate, traces of tetrahydropteroylglutamate, and several unidentified folates.The increase of folate levels in rust-infected leaves was due almost entirely to increases of 5-methyl-tetrahydropteroylgiutamate and its conjugates. The folate composition of resistant-reacting leaves did not differ appreciably from that of susceptible-reacting leaves.Radioactivity was not incorporated into either 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate or into methionine when 5-[methyl-14C]-tetrahydropteroylglutamate was fed to wheat leaves.

Folate derivatives in ungerminated and germinated uredospores of wheat stem rust

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1617-1623
Author(s):  
A. O. Jackson ◽  
D. J. Samborski ◽  
R. Rohringer ◽  
W. K. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Streptococcus Faecalis ◽  
Peak Fraction ◽  
Methyl Tetrahydrofolate

Extracts of ungerminated uredospores and of uredospores germinated for 6 h and 12 h were assayed for folates with Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecalis, and Pediococcus cerevisiae. These organisms did not respond to the extracts without conjugase treatment, indicating that most of the folates were present in conjugated form with more than three glutamic acid moieties per molecule. During the 6-h and 12-h germination periods the content of growth factors for L. casei declined to 70.9% and 46.0% of initial levels. In this same period, the content of growth factors for S. faecalis declined to 54.5% and 15.2% of initial levels, indicating an increase in the proportion of methylated folates during uredospore germination.This trend was confirmed in a detailed analysis of folate components after fractionation of the extracts on DEAE-cellulose columns. The folate profiles consisted of five peaks. Two peak fractions present in profiles from ungerminated spores contained mostly formylated folates and were greatly reduced or absent in profiles from germinated spores. A peak fraction composed of a 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate conjugate was not observed in profiles of ungerminated spores but was predominant in those from spores germinated for 12 h.

5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid and other folate derivatives in germinating pea seedlings

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1533-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Roos ◽  
A. M. Spronk ◽  
E. A. Cossins
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Methyl Derivative ◽  
Streptococcus Faecalis ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Pea Seedlings ◽  
Young Leaves

The folate derivatives present in germinating pea seedlings were isolated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and assayed with Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecalis, and Pediococcus cerevisiae. The major folate derivative in the cotyledons, developing embryos, and young leaves was identified as 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Smaller amounts of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate were also present in these tissues. Synthesis of these derivatives in the cotyledons was inhibited by aminopterin. Feeding experiments showed that the 5-methyl derivative was rapidly synthesized from folic acid-2-14C.

scholarly journals Association of Pestalotiopsis Guepinii (DESM.) Stay. with Bipolaris Leaf Blight (BpLB) Infected Wheat Leaves-A new Record

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
Shamim Shamsi ◽  
Mst Selina Momtaz
Keyword(s):  
New Record ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Anamorphic Fungus ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Stay an anamorphic fungus belonging to the class Celomycetes was isolated from Bipolaris leaf blight (BpLB) infected wheat leaf of two wheat varieties namely, Balaka and Saurab during the period of February to March, 2011. Association of Pestalotiopsis guepinii with wheat is a new record.Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 40, No. 1, 87-90, 2016

Increased Lipoxygenase Activity is Involved in the Hypersensitive Response of Wheat Leaf Cells Infected with A virulent Rust Fungi or Treated with Fungal Elicitor

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 559-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Ocampo ◽  
Bruno Moerschbacher ◽  
Hans J. Grambow
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Lipoxygenase Activity ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Compatible Interaction ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Wheat Rust

The hypersensitive reaction in incompatible wheat-rust interactions is characterized by an increase in lipoxygenase activity detectable as early as 28 h after penetration of the pathogen. In contrast, lipoxygenase activity in the compatible interaction did not increase until the onset of sporulation.Lipoxygenase activity also increased following treatment of wheat leaves with an elicitor fraction from germ tubes of Puccinia graminis tritici.

scholarly journals Analysis of Draft Genome Sequences of Two New Pantoea Strains Associated with Wheat Leaf Necrotic Tissues Caused by Xanthomonas translucens Reveals Distinct Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (30) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Malette ◽  
Renlin Xu ◽  
Suzanne Gerdis ◽  
Sylvia I. Chi ◽  
Greg C. Daniels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Draft Genome ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Coding Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Xanthomonas Translucens ◽  
Wheat Leaves

ABSTRACT We report whole-genome sequences of two new Pantoea strains (DOAB1048 and DOAB1050) isolated from necrotic wheat leaves caused by Xanthomonas translucens. The draft genome sequences of DOAB1048 and DOAB1050 consist of 52 and 57 scaffolds and have sizes of 4,795,525 bp and 4,962,883 bp with 4,418 and 4,517 coding sequences, respectively.

scholarly journals Presence of ice-nucleating Pseudomonas on wheat leaves promotes Septoria tritici blotch disease (Zymoseptoria tritici) via a mutually beneficial interaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen N. Fones
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Septoria Tritici Blotch ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Ina Bacteria ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Important Disease

Abstract Zymoseptoria tritici causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB) of wheat, an economically important disease causing yield losses of up to 10% despite the use of fungicides and resistant cultivars. Z. tritici infection is symptomless for around 10 days, during which time the fungus grows randomly across the leaf surface prior to entry through stomata. Wounded leaves show faster, more extensive STB, suggesting that wounds facilitate fungal entry. Wheat leaves also host epiphytic bacteria; these include ice-nucleating (INA+) bacteria, which induce frost damage at warmer temperatures than it otherwise occurs. Here, STB is shown to be more rapid and severe when wheat is exposed to both INA+ bacteria and sub-zero temperatures. This suggests that ice-nucleation-induced wounding of the wheat leaf provides additional openings for fungal entry. INA+ bacterial populations are shown to benefit from the presence of Z. tritici, indicating that this microbial interaction is mutualistic. Finally, control of INA+ bacteria is shown to reduce STB.

THE ENZYMICALLY CATALYZED OXIDATION OF INDOLEACETIC ACID

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 905-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Waygood ◽  
Ann Oaks ◽  
G. A. Maclachlan
Keyword(s):  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Organic Peroxide ◽  
Horse Radish Peroxidase ◽  
Reaction Sequence ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Catalyzed Oxidation

Dialyzed wheat leaf extracts, catalase, and horse-radish peroxidase catalyze the decarboxylation and oxidation of indoleacetic acid at pH 5.0–6.0 in the presence of critical concentrations of manganese and monohydric phenols or resorcinol. The equivalent of 1 mole of carbon dioxide is liberated and 1 mole of oxygen consumed per mole of substrate. Manganic ions formed by a phenol–peroxidase–peroxide system initiate the decarboxylation and oxidation. A naturally occurring ether soluble factor from wheat leaves, and maleic hydrazide, can substitute for the active phenols. Catechol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, seopoletin, and riboflavin, etc. competitively inhibit the oxidation. The nature of the active peroxide is discussed and a reaction sequence involving an organic peroxide or radical rather than hydrogen peroxide is submitted as being a possibility.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE WHEAT LEAF CARBOHYDRATES

1950 ◽  
Vol 28c (6) ◽  
pp. 754-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Leaf Carbohydrates ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Reducing Substances ◽  
Fructose Determination

The nonreducing sugar in wheat leaves is probably entirely sucrose. It is the only abundant sugar. Free reducing sugars are absent, or almost absent from wheat leaves grown under the conditions described. The reducing power in the cleared alcoholic extracts of the leaves is, at least, partly due to degradation products of ascorbic acid. Other nonsugar reducing substances also are apparently present. The alcohol insoluble residue from wheat leaves contains little or no fructosan, dextrin, or starch at the two and one-half week old stage. Satisfactory methods for extracting and determining the sucrose are described. The following methods gave satisfactory results with wheat leaf extracts: the reducing power methods of Hanes and Somogyi after acid or preferably invertase hydrolysis, Ost's solution for fructose residues, the method of Neuberg and Strauss, the colorimetric resorcinol method. The latter method gives only approximate values for fructose residues unless the sugar concentration is high; the method is then fairly reliable. The following methods did not give satisfactory results: Hanes and Somogyi methods for free reducing sugars initially present in the extract, the hypoiodite titration for aldose sugars, and Sieben's method for fructose determination.

Diacetyl reductase of Lactobacillus casei

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 947-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Branen ◽  
T. W. Keenan
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Nadh Oxidase ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Alumina Gel ◽  
Nadh Oxidase Activity ◽  
Nadh Oxidoreductase

Diacetyl reductase (diacetyl:reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidoreductase, EC. 1.1.1.5) has been isolated from Lactobacillus casei. Cell sonication, ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and alumina gel adsorption were used to obtain the partially purified enzyme. Both NADH oxidase and diacetyl reductase activity were associated with the same fraction at all stages in purification. Growth in media containing added pyruvate resulted in a 10-fold increase in the NADH oxidase activity and a 3-fold increase in the diacetyl reductase activity of crude cell extracts on a protein basis. Purified preparations showed maximal reductase and oxidase activities at pH 4.5 and 5.0, respectively. Lineweaver–Burke plots yielded intersecting lines when NADH and diacetyl concentrations were varied, suggesting a flavin-linked reaction. The absorption spectrum of the purified preparation was characteristic of that of a flavoprotein. The product of the reduction of diacetyl was identified as acetoin. Acetoin and methylene blue were inactive as acceptors.

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