The biosynthesis of 18-hydroxycorticosterone from exogenous corticosterone by teleost fish adrenocortical tissue in vitro

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sandor ◽  
S. W. C. Chan ◽  
J. G. Phillips ◽  
D. Ensor ◽  
I. W. Henderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Kidney Mitochondria ◽  
Excess Substrate

Incubation of homogenized head kidney tissue of the cod (Gadus morhua) and the haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) with tritiated corticosterone resulted in the formation of small amounts of 18-hydroxycorticosterone (cod 0.04%, haddock 0.012% transformation per 6 g head kidney tissue per 4 h), in the presence of excess NADPH. Incubation of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) posterior vein and head kidney "mitochondria" with corticosterone-4-14C, in the presence of excess substrate and NADPH, also gave rise to 18-hydroxycorticosterone (fresh-water-adapted animals, 0.13% per mitochondria equivalent to 756 mg tissue per 2 h; animals adapted to sea water for 48 h, 0.09% per mitochondria equivalent to 456 mg tissue per 2 h). The biosynthetic, isotopically labelled 18-hydroxycorticosterone was identified by serial oxidation. Head kidneys of both the cod and haddock transformed corticosterone to cortisol. However, the unequivocal presence of aldosterone could not be shown in any of these experiments.

scholarly journals Documentation of multiple species of marine fish trapped in Atlantic salmon sea-cages in Norway

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Per Gunnar Fjelldal ◽  
Monica F. Solberg ◽  
Kevin A. Glover ◽  
Ole Folkedal ◽  
Jonatan Nilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Sea Trout

The production of salmonids in sea-cages has been developed for monoculture of the target species. However, we show here for the first time, that wild fish may enter sea-cages used for farming of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway, out-grow the mesh size, and thereafter become permanently trapped. Within seven different sea-cages located in western Norway, eight different species of wild fish were identified; European eel (Anguilla anguilla), sea trout (Salmo trutta L.), cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), saithe (Pollachius virens), pollack (Pollachius pollachius), hake (Merluccius merluccius) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus). In the two most extreme cases, a 5 × 5 × 7 m cage with 311 farmed salmon (903 g) also contained 542 whiting (79 g), 77 haddock (43 g), and 5 cod (26 g), and a 12 × 12 × 15 m cage with 1695 farmed salmon (559 g) also contained 1196 haddock (35 g), 1115 whiting (31 g), 46 cod (23 g), 23 saithe (48 g), 15 pollock (22 g), 5 sea trout (54 g), and 2 hake (29 g). The present study thus demonstrates that aquaculture cages designed for monoculture may attract and effectively ‘trap’ wild fish. We did not investigate the frequency of this occurrence, and the ecological significance of these observations remains unclear. However, with the ever-increasing number of sea-cages used for global aquaculture, this is clearly a topic for further research.

Kinetics of Water and Chloride Exchanges During Adaptation of the European Eel to Sea Water

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-121
Author(s):  
R. KIRSCH ◽  
N. MAYER-GOSTAN
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
The One ◽  
Kinetics Of

Using isotopic procedures, the drinking rate and chloride exchanges were studied in the eel Anguilla anguilla during transfer from fresh water to sea water. 1. Following transfer to sea water there is a threefold increase of the drinking rate (lasting about 1 h). Then it falls to a minimum after 12-16 h and rises again to a maximum level about the seventh day after the transfer. Then a gradual reduction leads to a steady value which is not significantly different from the one observed in fresh water. 2. The changes with time of the plasma sodium and chloride concentrations are given. Their kinetics are not completely alike. 3. The chloride outflux increases 40-fold on transfer of the eel to sea water, but even so it is very low. After the sixth hour in sea water there is a progressive increase in the flux, so that on the fourth day it is higher (500 µ-equiv. h-1.100 g-1) than in the seawater-adapted animals (230 µ-equiv.h-1.100 g-1). 4. Drinking rate values in adapted animals are discussed in relation to the external medium. The kinetics of the drinking rate together with variations in body weights after freshwater-seawater transfer are discussed in relation to the possible stimulus of the drinking reflex. 5. Chloride fluxes (outflux, net flux, digestive entry) are compared and lead one to assume that in seawater-adapted fish one-third of the chloride influx enters via the gut and two-thirds via the gills.

RENAL FUNCTION IN THE EUROPEAN EEL (ANGUILLA ANGUILLA L.): CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE AND RENAL FUNCTION OF THE FRESHWATER EEL TRANSFERRED TO SEA-WATER

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. CHESTER JONES ◽  
D. K. O. CHAN ◽  
J. C. RANKIN
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Inulin Clearance ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Clearance Rates

SUMMARY A method for the study of renal function and measurement of mean ventral and dorsal aortic blood pressure for the freshwater and seawater-adapted eel, and during transfer of the animal from fresh water to sea-water, is described. Freshwater eels have higher resting blood pressure, p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and inulin clearance rates and urine flow than seawater eels. Urine from freshwater animals has low Na, K, Ca, Mg and Cl concentrations, while the clearance rate of inorganic phosphate exceeded that of inulin. Urine from seawater animals has high Na, Ca, Mg and Cl concentrations while that of inorganic phosphate was low. Clearance rates for Ca and Mg greatly exceeded those of inulin. During transfer from fresh water to sea-water there was an initial fluctuation in blood pressure, urine flow and PAH and inulin clearance rates which lasted about 2 hr. Thereafter these gradually declined to values observed for the seawater-adapted animal. The significance of PAH and inulin clearance rates in the study of renal function in the eel and in teleosts in general is discussed.

scholarly journals In vitrodigestibility of different prey species of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erling S. Nordøy ◽  
Wenche Sørmo ◽  
Arnoldus Schytte Blix
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
Balaenoptera Acutorostrata ◽  
Minke Whales ◽  
Digestion Technique

Information on diet composition, daily energy expenditure, energy storage and the utilization of energy in the prey are important factors when evaluating the food consumption of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) during their summer stay in northern waters. The purpose of the present study was in this context to obtain information on the digestible energy (DE) of different prey selected by minke whales. Anin vitrothree-stage digestion technique, simulating the different compartments of the digestive system, has been developed. The initial step simulated the anaerobic microbial fermentation of substrate in the fortestomach. The next stage included the addition of pepsin (EC3.4.23.1)–HCI, simulating ventricle enzymic decomposition, and finally, in the third step, fresh extract from duodenal contents was used to simulate enzymic intestinal degradation of the remaining components of the food. The inoculum was normally obtained from animals which had recently eaten the prey to be tested. In such tests we obtained a dry matter disappearance (DMD) and a DE for herring (Clupea harengus) of 80·4 (SD 5·0)% (n18) and 92·1 (SD 3·7) % (n16) respectively, and a DMD of krill (Thysanoessasp.) of 83·4 (SD 4·9)% (n6). The DMD of krill was reduced to 73·8 (SD 7·3)% (n8) while the DE was 70·6 (SD 10·4) % (n7) when inoculum from whales which had recently eaten cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) was used. These results indicate a high digestibility of the most common species of prey in these animals, and also that the whales have little difficulty in changing from one prey species to another.

Effects of salinity and sea salt type on egg activation, fertilization, buoyancy and early embryology of European eel, Anguilla anguilla

Zygote ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sune Riis Sørensen ◽  
Ian Anthony Ernest Butts ◽  
Peter Munk ◽  
Jonna Tomkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Natural Seawater ◽  
Neutral Buoyancy ◽  
Cell Cleavage ◽  
Practical Salinity Unit

SummaryImproper activation and swelling of in vitro produced eggs of European eel, Anguilla anguilla, has been shown to negatively affect embryonic development and hatching. We investigated this phenomenon by examining the effects of salinity and sea salt type on egg dimensions, cell cleavage patterns and egg buoyancy. Egg diameter after activation, using natural seawater adjusted to different salinities, varied among female eels, but no consistent pattern emerged. Activation salinities between 30–40 practical salinity unit (psu) produced higher quality eggs and generally larger egg diameters. Chorion diameters reached maximal values of 1642 ± 8 μm at 35 psu. A positive relationship was found between egg neutral buoyancy and activation salinity. Nine salt types were investigated as activation and incubation media. Five of these types induced a substantial perivitelline space (PVS), leading to large egg sizes, while the remaining four salt types resulted in smaller eggs. All salt types except NaCl treatments led to high fertilization rates and had no effect on fertilization success as well as egg neutral buoyancies at 7 h post-fertilization. The study points to the importance of considering ionic composition of the media when rearing fish eggs and further studies are encouraged.

In vitro aerobic and anaerobic muscle capacities in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla: Effects of a swimming session

2011 ◽  
Vol 176 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Sébert ◽  
Hélène Mortelette ◽  
Jonathan Nicolas ◽  
Aline Amérand ◽  
Marc Belhomme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

FAILURE OF CORPUSCLES OF STANNIUS OF THE EUROPEAN EEL (ANGUILLA ANGUILLA L.) TO PRODUCE CORTICOSTEROIDS IN VITRO

1965 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. CHESTER JONES ◽  
D. K. O. CHAN ◽  
I. W. HENDERSON ◽  
W. MOSLEY ◽  
T. SANDOR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Corpuscles Of Stannius

Influence of Ambient Calcium Levels on Tanniocalcin Secretion in the European EEL (Anguilla Anguilla)

1992 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G.J. M. HANSSEN ◽  
N. MAYER-GOSTAN ◽  
G. FLIK ◽  
S.E. WENDELAAR BONGA
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Corpuscles Of Stannius ◽  
Rapid Accumulation ◽  
Ionic Calcium

The cells of the corpuscles of Stannius appeared to be more active in eels acclimated to sea water than in eels acclimated to fresh water. In acclimated eels, however, total and ionic plasma calcium concentrations and stanniocalcin titers did not differ. This suggests that levels of stanniocalcin in freshwater-acclimated eels are sufficient to maintain normocalcemia in sea water. When freshwateracclimated eels were transferred directly to sea water, total and ionic calcium concentrations in the plasma increased significantly within 24 h but there was no apparent effect on the corpuscles of Stannius within the same time. This suggests that changes in secretory activity of the corpuscles of Stannius do not occur rapidly when they are presented with a hypercalcemic challenge. Conversely, when seawater-acclimated eels were transferred to fresh or distilled water there appeared to be a very rapid reduction in secretory activity in the corpuscles of Stannius, as indicated by the rapid accumulation of secretory granules. These data suggest that stanniocalcin turnover is more rapid in seawater-acclimated eels and that the secretory activity of the corpuscles of Stannius is rapidly reduced when a hypercalcic challenge is removed.

Coupling of Transmural Flows of NaCl and Water in the Intestine of the EEl (Anguilla Anguilla)

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIK SKADHAUGE
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Permeability Coefficient ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Osmotic Permeability ◽  
Local Osmosis

1. An in vivo perfusion of the intestine of the yellow European eel (Anguilla anguilla) was used to measure the net absorption of NaCl and water, the osmotic permeability coefficient, the solute-linked water flow, and the osmolality difference against which the intestine could transport water as functions of the salinity of the surrounding water. The eels were adapted to fresh water, to sea water, and to 1½ strength sea water. 2. The osmolality difference against which the intestine could transport water was observed to be linearly related to the net transmural flow of NaCl; the solute-linked water flow had a constant hypertonicity in spite of differing net flows of NaCl. The findings are in agreement with the hypothesis of uphill water movement being caused by local osmosis due to the salt flow and with a shunt leak proportional to the transmural osmotic difference. 3. An important part of adaptation to waters of higher salinity is a pronounced increase in the intestinal absorption of NaCl. 4. The osmotic permeability coefficient varied from experiment to experiment without relation to the state of adaptation. An explanation for this finding may be that the osmotic permeability of the intestinal epithelium is of little importance for the total intestinal transfer of water.

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