ACETATE METABOLISM IN MYCOBACTERIA

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Parvin ◽  
S. V. Pande ◽  
T. A. Venkitasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Acetate Metabolism ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Saponifiable Fraction ◽  
Growth Analyses

Acetate-1-14C was added to the culture medium of different species of mycobacteria in the exponential phase of growth. Analyses after incubation for 2 hours showed that acetate was utilized for the synthesis of various lipid fractions, and also converted into carbon dioxide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, in contrast to saprophytic mycobacteria, showed preferential utilization of acetate for oxidation over utilization for lipid synthesis. In the virulent strain of M. tuberculosis a greater proportion of the total radioactivity in lipids was present in the non-saponifiable fraction than in other mycobacteria, including M. tuberculosis H37Ra.

scholarly journals Nanobubbles activate anaerobic growth and metabolism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miu Ito ◽  
Yuichi Sugai
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Anaerobic Condition ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Cell Concentration ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Ferrous Ions ◽  
Positively Charged

AbstractThe effect of nanobubbles on anaerobic growth and metabolism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated. P. aeruginosa grew earlier in the culture medium containing nanobubbles and the bacterial cell concentration in that culture medium was increased a few times higher compared to the medium without nanobubbles under anaerobic condition. Both gas and protein, which are the metabolites of P. aeruginosa, were remarkably produced in the culture medium containing nanobubbles whereas those metabolites were little detected in the medium without nanobubbles, indicating nanobubbles activated anaerobic growth and metabolism of P. aeruginosa. The carbon dioxide nanobubbles came to be positively charged by adsorbing cations and delivered ferrous ions, one of the trace essential elements for bacterial growth, to the microbial cells, which activated the growth and metabolism of P. aeruginosa. The oxygen nanobubbles activated the activities of P. aeruginosa as an oxygen source.

scholarly journals THE MULTIPLICATION OF TUBERCLE BACILLI WITHIN NORMAL PHAGOCYTES IN TISSUE CULTURE

1952 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Suter
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Avirulent Strain ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Intracellular Multiplication ◽  
Cultivation In Vitro

A technique has been described for the cultivation in vitro of normal mononuclear cells on glass slides in a liquid medium. Under these conditions the monocytes transformed into macrophages which proliferated as in ordinary tissue culture. These cultures of monocytes could be infected with tubercle bacilli. The numbers of stainable tubercle bacilli within the monocytes increased steadily in cultures infected with virulent or attenuated strains. Evidence is given to support the view that this increase in numbers of bacilli was due to intracellular multiplication. There was no evidence of intracellular bacillary multiplication in cultures infected with an avirulent strain. Tubercle bacilli multiplying within phagocytes in vitro exert a damaging effect upon the host cells. The damage was most obvious in cells infected with a virulent strain. Tubercle bacilli within phagocytes were protected against the bacteriostatic effect of streptomycin added in a concentration of 5 γ per ml. of culture medium. This permitted the use of streptomycin in infected cultures to prevent extracellular multiplication of the bacilli.

EFFECT OF X IRRADIATION ON THE METABOLISM OF C14-GLUCOSE AND C14-FRUCTOSE IN RAT LIVER SLICES

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 787-792
Author(s):  
P. V. Vittorio ◽  
W. P. Spence ◽  
M. J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Partition Chromatography ◽  
Liver Slices ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Origin Area ◽  
Control Samples

The utilization of C14-glucose and C14-fructose in liver slices from normal rats and from rats exposed to 1000 r of whole-body X irradiation was studied. Liver slices prepared from normal rats were incubated with C14-glucose or C14-fructose in equivalent amounts and the incorporation of C14 into carbon dioxide, glycogen, and an ethanolic extract was determined. After the rats had been fasted 4 or 24 hours the amount of C14 incorporated into glycogen and carbon dioxide from C14-fructose was greater than that incorporated from C14-glucose but the total radioactivity in the ethanolic extracts was approximately the same for both hexoses. When liver slices prepared from normal and X-irradiated rats were incubated with C14-glucose or C14-fructose 4 or 24 hours after irradiation, the samples obtained from irradiated rats incorporated a greater amount of C14 into carbon dioxide, glycogen, and the ethanolic extract, with the exception of the 24-hour samples incubated in the presence of labelled glucose. In the latter instance incorporation into carbon dioxide fell below the normal value. The total C14 recovery from the three fractions was always higher in the X-irradiated samples than in the corresponding control samples. Further examination of the ethanolic extracts (amino acids, lactic acid, and origin area material) separated by paper partition chromatography revealed additional differences between the samples of liver from normal and X-irradiated rats in their ability to incorporate C14 from either labelled hexose. These differences were apparent in samples incubated either 4 or 24 hours after X irradiation of the animals.

scholarly journals Occurrence of levels ofcis- andtrans-zeatin ribosides in the culture medium of a virulent strain ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens

FEBS Letters ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. McCloskey ◽  
Takeshi Hashizume ◽  
Brenda Basile ◽  
Yoko Ohno ◽  
Sonoki Shigenori
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Virulent Strain

scholarly journals Microbial metabolism of amino alcohols. Biosynthetic utilization of ethanolamine for lipid synthesis by bacteria

1980 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
S D Shukla ◽  
J M Turner
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Mycobacterium Smegmatis ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Radioactive Isotopes ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Base Moiety ◽  
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity

1. Ten bacteria utilizing [2-14C]ethanol-2-amine as the sole or major source of nitrogen for growth on glycerol + salts medium incorporated radioactivity into a variety of bacterial substances. A high proportion was commonly found in lipid fractions, particularly in the case of Erwinia carotovora. 2. Detailed studies of [14C]ethanolamine incorporation into lipids by five bacteria, including E. carotovora, showed that all detectable lipids were labelled. Even where phosphatidylethanolamine was the major lipid labelled, radioactivity was predominantly in the fatty acid rather than the base moiety. The labelled fatty acids were identified in each case. 3. The addition of acetate to growth media decreased the incorporation of radioactivity from ethanolamine into both fatty acid and phosphatidyl-base fragments of lipids from all the bacteria except Mycobacterium smegmatis. Experiments with [3H]ethanolamine and [14C]acetate confirmed that unlabelled acetate decreased the incorporation of both radioactive isotopes into lipids, except in the case of M. smegmatis. 4. Enzyme studies suggested one of two metabolic routes between ethanolamine and acetyl-CoA for each of four bacteria. A role for ethanolamine O-phosphate was not obligatory for the incorporation of [14C]ethanolamine into phospholipids, but correlated with CoA-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase activity.

Regulation of expression of the cyanide-insensitive terminal oxidase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Microbiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 1275-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Cooper ◽  
Gholam Reza Tavankar ◽  
Huw D. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Homoserine Lactone ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Terminal Oxidase ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
Potent Inducer ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
In The Wild

The regulation of the cyanide-insensitive oxidase (CIO) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium that can synthesize HCN, is reported. The expression of a cioA–lacZ transcriptional fusion, CioA protein levels and CIO activity were low in exponential phase but induced about fivefold upon entry into stationary phase. Varying the O2 transfer coefficient from 11·5 h−1 to 87·4 h−1 had no effect on CIO expression and no correlation was observed between CIO induction and the dissolved O2 levels in the growth medium. However, a mutant deleted for the O2-sensitive transcriptional regulator ANR derepressed CIO expression in an O2-sensitive manner, with the highest induction occurring under low-O2 conditions. Therefore, CIO expression can respond to a signal generated by low O2 levels, but this response is normally kept in check by ANR repression. ANR may play an important role in preventing overexpression of the CIO in relation to other terminal oxidases. A component present in spent culture medium was able to induce CIO expression. However, experiments with purified N-butanoyl-l-homoserine lactone or N-(3-oxododecanoyl)homoserine lactone ruled out a role for these quorum-sensing molecules in the control of CIO expression. Cyanide was a potent inducer of the CIO at physiologically relevant concentrations and experiments using spent culture medium from a ΔhcnB mutant, which is unable to synthesize cyanide, showed that cyanide was the inducing factor present in P. aeruginosa spent culture medium. However, the finding that in a ΔhcnB mutant cioA–lacZ expression was induced normally upon entry into stationary phase indicated that cyanide was not the endogenous inducer of the terminal oxidase. The authors suggest that the failure of O2 to have an effect on CIO expression in the wild-type can be explained either by the requirement for an additional, stationary-phase-specific inducing signal or by the loss of an exponential-phase-specific repressing signal.

scholarly journals Apolipoprotein serum amyloid A down-regulates smooth-muscle cell lipid biosynthesis

1999 ◽  
Vol 344 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara M. SCHREIBER ◽  
Mara VEVERBRANTS ◽  
Richard E. FINE ◽  
Jan K. BLUSZTAJN ◽  
Mario SALMONA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Lipid Biosynthesis ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Aortic Smooth Muscle ◽  
Amyloid A

The addition of acute-phase apolipoprotein serum amyloid A (SAA) to cultured aortic smooth-muscle cells caused a decrease in the incorporation of [14C]acetate into lipids. Optimal inhibition of lipid biosynthesis was achieved with 2 μM SAA, and the effect was maintained for up to 1 week when SAA was included in the culture medium. Lipid extracts were subjected to TLC and it was determined that the SAA-induced decrease in [14C]acetate incorporation into lipids was attributable to decreases in cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride levels. The accumulated mass of cholesterol and phospholipid in SAA-treated cultures was significantly less than that of controls, with no change in the accumulated protein. Moreover, SAA had no effect on either protein synthesis or DNA synthesis, suggesting that SAA specifically alters lipid synthesis. By using a peptide corresponding to the cholesterol-binding domain of acute-phase SAA (amino acids 1-18), it was shown that this region of the molecule was as effective as the full-length protein in decreasing lipid synthesis and the accumulation of cholesterol and phospholipid. The implications of these findings for atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease are discussed.

scholarly journals Fixation of Carbon Dioxide by Pre-Implantation Mouse Embryos in Vitro and the Activities of Enzymes Involved in the Process

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Quinn ◽  
RG Wales
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Culture Period ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Morula Stage ◽  
Fixation Of Carbon Dioxide

The incorporation of fixed carbon from carbon dioxide into mouse embryos was greatest in eight-cell embryos which developed into blastocysts during a 24-hr culture period and was four to five times greater than the incorporation into two-cell embryos cultured for a similar period. The net accumulation of labelled products in the culture medium was greatest during the culture of the morula stage to the blastocyst over 24 hr.

Aspects of Carbon Dioxide Mitigation by Nannochloropsis oculata Cultured in a Photobioreactor

2014 ◽  
Vol 625 ◽  
pp. 775-779
Author(s):  
Vijendren Krishnan ◽  
Yoshimitsu Uemura ◽  
Suzana Yusup ◽  
Norridah Osman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Nannochloropsis Oculata ◽  
Marine Microalgae ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Photobioreactor Design ◽  
Reduce Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Mitigation

This paper primarily presents on carbon dioxide mitigation by marine microalgae. Among the potential marine microalgae,Nannochloropsis oculatahas been identified as a promising species which can be utilized to reduce carbon dioxide concentration via photosynthesis process. The growth ofN. oculataand lipid synthesis for biodiesel production is influenced by various aspects. The aspects that are focused in this paper include light source and intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and photobioreactor design. Besides, emerging technologies that are able to increase the efficiency of carbon dioxide reduction were also highlighted. As a whole,N. oculatamight play a key role in reducing the global carbon dioxide emission as well as enhancing the biodiesel production.

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