STUDIES ON GLYCINE-PERCOLATED SOIL: I. CORRELATION BETWEEN GLYCINE OXIDATION AND BACTERIAL POPULATION

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 1017-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Furusaka ◽  
K. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Soil Processes ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Soil Percolation ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

It is of interest to determine how the soil percolation technique may be of use for the elucidation of soil processes from the microbiological viewpoint as well as from the biochemical one. An attempt has been made to correlate the growth of heterotrophic bacteria with their chemical activities when soil is percolated with glycine solution. A very close correlation has been observed between the population number of bacteria and their glycine–oxidizing activity. The physiological status of the population has been investigated. The metabolism of soil organic matter is also induced by the glycine percolation. The soil conditions under which the bacterial population can be considered in connection with their activities are discussed.

scholarly journals Specific features of soil microbial communities under Lavandula angustifolia Mill. introduced plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
O. P. Yunosheva ◽  
N. E. Ellanska
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Lavandula Angustifolia ◽  
Soil Microbial

In article the results of microbiological studies of Lavandula angustifolia Mill introductive plants soil are presented. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of hydrothermal and soil conditions of forest steppe zone on the microbial cenosis formation and dynamics of taxonomic and ecology-trophic groups of microorganisms. 9–10 years age plants L. angustifolia (Yuzhnoberezhnaja and Record varieties) have been studied during two years on the experimental fields of the National Botanical Garden. Rhizosphere and rows-space soil were taken for experimental researches. Investigations were carried out by conventional microbiology methods – seeding of certain dilutions of soil suspension on selective culture medium. The comparative characteristic of microbial groups was investigated in dynamic according to the lavenders development phases. The decreasing of quantity of soil micromycetes were found during flowering phase in parallel with increasing of their species diversity. It should be noted that compared to control, the lavenders’ rhizosphere differ wider range of micromycetes species that belongs to Trichoderma, Penicillium and, especially, Aspergillus genus. The largest quantity of actinomicetes was observed at the beginning of vegetation. The development of actinomycetes and nitrogen transforming microorganisms depended on soil hydrothermal conditions. We observe decreasing of their quantity during deficiency of soil moisture. The numbers of spore-forming bacteria were significantly increased during the flowering period. Compared to control, the number of cellulozolytic microorganisms increased during intensive vegetation, whereas its highest activity was observed at the end of vegetation. Lavandula angustifolia exametabolites positively influenced to the development of heterotrophic bacteria in the beginning of vegetation, as well as during the flowering, whereas at the end of vegetation we observe the decreasing of its quantity. In opposite, the number of oligonitrophylus microorganisms decreased during the active vegetation, especially during dry period. The correlation between organic nitrogen and non-organic nitrogen consumption microorganisms define process of humus formation. We observed that the processes of organic matter development were fairly balanced. The accumulation of soil organic matter dominated during active vegetation, whereas activation of mineralization processes occurred at the end of vegetation period. Microorganisms’ content was higher in rows-spacing of plants, where concentration of exometabolites was lower. The dynamic of microbial cenosis and direction of microbiological processes have been similar in soil of two researched varieties, but the total number of microorganisms was higher in near-root soil of Yuzhnoberezhnaya variety. The Lavandula angustifolia soil microbial cenosis forms under influence of its plants excretions, in particular essential oils, that have a specific effect on the microflora and cause a quantity decrease of basic groups of microorganisms. The concentration of lavender exometabolites decrease in parallel with increasing of soil moisture and accordingly inhibitory effect of essential oil changes on stimulation. The understanding of soil microbial coenosis formation features will promote prognostication of interrelations between microbiota and plants. It will help to create sustainable landscape compositions and rational use them in making healthy ecosystems and other practical aspects.

scholarly journals Impacts of soil moisture level and organic matter content on growth of two Juncus species and Poa pratensis grown under acid soil conditions

Weed Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 490-500
Author(s):  
W Kaczmarek‐Derda ◽  
M Helgheim ◽  
J Netland ◽  
H Riley ◽  
K Wærnhus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Moisture Level

scholarly journals Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides and their active ingredients on earthworms, water infiltration and glyphosate leaching are influenced by soil properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann G. Zaller ◽  
Maureen Weber ◽  
Michael Maderthaner ◽  
Edith Gruber ◽  
Eszter Takács ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Earthworm Activity

Abstract Background Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are among the most often used pesticides. The hundreds of GBHs used worldwide consist of the active ingredient (AI) glyphosate in form of different salts, possibly other AIs, and various mostly undisclosed co-formulants. Pesticide risk assessments are commonly performed using single AIs or GBHs at standard soil conditions without vegetation. In a greenhouse experiment, we established a weed population with common amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus) to examine the effects of three GBHs (Roundup LB Plus, Roundup PowerFlex, Touchdown Quattro) and their corresponding AIs (salts of glyphosate isopropylammonium, potassium, diammonium) on the activity and physiological biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase, GST; acetylcholine esterase, AChE) of an ecologically relevant earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris). GBHs and AIs were applied at recommended doses; hand weeding served as control. Experiments were established with two soil types differing in organic matter content (SOM; 3.0% vs. 4.1%) and other properties. Results Earthworm activity (casting and movement activity) decreased after application of glyphosate formulations or active ingredients compared to hand weeding. We found no consistent pattern that formulations had either higher or lower effects on earthworm activity than their active ingredients; rather, differences were substance-specific. Earthworm activity was little affected by soil organic matter levels. Biomarkers remained unaffected by weed control types; GST but not AChE was decreased under high SOM. Water infiltration after a simulated heavy rainfall was interactively affected by weed control types and SOM. Leachate amount was higher after application of formulations than active ingredients and was higher under low SOM. Glyphosate concentrations in soil and leachate were strongly affected by application of formulations or active ingredients and varied with SOM (significant weed control type x SOM interaction). Conclusions We found that both commercial formulations and pure active ingredients can influence earthworms with consequences on important soil functions. Glyphosate products showed increased, reduced or similar effects than pure glyphosate on particular soil functions; soil properties can substantially alter this. Especially at lower SOM, heavy rainfalls could lead to more glyphosate leaching into water bodies. A full disclosure of co-formulants would be necessary to further decipher their specific contributions to these inconsistent effects.

Eucalyptus grandis Response to Calcium Fertilization in Colombia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zach S Grover ◽  
Rachel L Cook ◽  
Marcela Zapata ◽  
J Byron Urrego ◽  
Timothy J Albaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
South America ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantations ◽  
Calcium Source

Abstract Calcium (Ca) is a critical plant nutrient typically applied at the time of planting in intensive Eucalyptus plantations in South America. At two sites in Colombia, we examined (1) calcium source by comparing growth after application of 100 kg ha−1 elemental Ca as lime or as pelletized highly reactive calcium fertilizer (HRCF) compared to a no application control, and (2) Ca rate by applying 0, 100, 200, and 400 kg ha−1 elemental Ca as HRCF with the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and boron (NPKSB). We assessed height, diameter, and volume after 12 and 24 months. There were no growth differences from Ca source at the 100 kg ha−1 rate. We found increased volume after 24 months at the “Popayan” site with 200 and 400 kg ha−1 Ca HRCF+NPKSB treatments (112 and 113 m3 ha−1, respectively) compared to control (92 m3 ha−1), a 22% increase. In contrast, volume did not differ after 24 months at the “Darien” site, ranging from 114 m3 ha−1 in the 0 kg ha−1 Ca HRCF+NPKSB treatment to 98 m3 ha−1 in the control. Differences in response are likely due to soil characteristics, such as organic matter, emphasizing the importance of identifying site-specific nutrient deficiencies. Study Implications: Operational applications may be over- or under-applying calcium carbonate in Eucalyptus plantations in South America. In the first two years of a seven-year rotation located in volcanic soils in Colombia, we found that one site with more organic matter at a greater depth did not need Ca additions, whereas the other site required greater than current operational applications to optimize productivity. Ca application rate trials across a gradient of soil conditions could establish critical values and improve recommendations of appropriate Ca application rates and emphasize the importance of understanding site-specific soil conditions to produce effective fertilization regimes.

scholarly journals Response of heterotrophic and autotrophic microbial plankton to inorganic and organic inputs along a latitudinal transect in the Atlantic Ocean

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1701-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Martínez-García ◽  
E. Fernández ◽  
A. Calvo-Díaz ◽  
E. Marañón ◽  
X. A. G. Morán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Bacterial Growth Efficiency ◽  
Organic Nutrient ◽  
Plankton Biomass ◽  
Latitudinal Transect ◽  
Microbial Plankton

Abstract. The effects of inorganic and/or organic nutrient inputs on phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria have never been concurrently assessed in open ocean oligotrophic communities over a wide spatial gradient. We studied the effects of potentially limiting inorganic (nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, silica) and organic nutrient (glucose, aminoacids) inputs added separately as well as jointly, on microbial plankton biomass, community structure and metabolism in five microcosm experiments conducted along a latitudinal transect in the Atlantic Ocean (from 26° N to 29° S). Primary production rates increased up to 1.8-fold. Bacterial respiration and microbial community respiration increased up to 14.3 and 12.7-fold respectively. Bacterial production and bacterial growth efficiency increased up to 58.8-fold and 2.5-fold respectively. The largest increases were measured after mixed inorganic-organic nutrients additions. Changes in microbial plankton biomass were small as compared with those in metabolic rates. A north to south increase in the response of heterotrophic bacteria was observed, which could be related to a latitudinal gradient in phosphorus availability. Our results suggest that organic matter inputs will result in a predominantly heterotrophic versus autotrophic response and in increases in bacterial growth efficiency, particularly in the southern hemisphere. Subtle differences in the initial environmental and biological conditions are likely to result in differential microbial responses to inorganic and organic matter inputs.

scholarly journals Nitrogen mineralization and microbial activity as influenced by sulfur sources in an alkaline calcareous soil

1970 ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Tufail Shah ◽  
Zahir Shah ◽  
Syed Atizaz Ali Shah ◽  
Nazir Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Fungal Population

A study was performed to check the effects of various sources of sulfur on microbial activity, microbial population, N mineralization and organic matter content in an alkaline calcareous soil by using soil samples collected from Malakandher Farm at 0-20 cm depth, and analyzed for microbial activity, total mineral nitrogen, bacterial and fungal population and organic matter content. The results showed that the rate of CO2 evolution and cumulative CO2 production were higher in soils amended with elemental sulfur followed by sulfuric acid and gypsum treated soils. The microbial activity decreased with incubation period in all treatments, and the microbial population was greatly affected by sulfur sources. Generally, the bacterial population decreased in soils amended with elemental sulfur, but the population was higher in soils amended with gypsum. Bacterial population was suppressed in soils treated with sulfuric acid. However, the fungal population was higher in soils amended with sulfuric acids was less in soil amended with elemental sulfur. The sulfur amendments promoted immobilization of N. The net N immobilized was higher in soil amended with gypsum followed by soils amended with sulfuric acid and elemental sulfur. The percent organic matter was higher in soils amended with gypsum and was decreased compared with that amended with elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid. These results suggested that soil microbiological properties changed with sulfur amendments during laboratory incubation.

scholarly journals Mobilisation of Al, Fe, and DOM from topsoil during simulated early Podzol development and subsequent DOM adsorption on model minerals

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Krettek ◽  
Thilo Rennert
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Oxide Phase ◽  
Batch Experiments ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Velocity Characteristic ◽  
Soil Percolation

AbstractPodzols are characterised by mobilisation of metals, particularly Al and Fe, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in topsoil horizons, and by immobilisation in subsoil horizons. We mimicked element mobilisation during early podzolisation by irrigating the AE horizon of a Dystric Arenosol with acetic acid at different flow velocities and applying flow interruptions to study rate-limited release in experiments with soil cylinders. We used eluates in batch experiments with goethite and Al-saturated montmorillonite to investigate DOM reactivity towards minerals. Both the flow velocity and flow interruptions affected element release, pointing to chemical non-equilibrium of release and to particles, containing Fe and OM mobilised at larger flow velocity, characteristic of heavy rain or snowmelt. Based on chemical extractions, the source of mobilised Al and Fe, the vast majority of which was complexed by DOM, was no oxide phase, but rather organic. Rate limitation also affected the composition of DOM released. Carboxyl and phenolic species were the most important species adsorbed by both minerals. However, DOM composition affected the extent of DOM adsorption on goethite more distinctly than that on montmorillonite. Our findings evidence that the intensity of soil percolation affects quantitative and qualitative element release during early podzolisation and adsorptive DOM retention in subsoil horizons.

The influence of soil conditions on the decomposition of organic matter in the soil

1917 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Russell ◽  
A. Appleyard
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Plant Nutrients ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
Decomposition Of Plant Residues

The biochemical decomposition of plant residues and other organic matter in the soil is of fundamental importance for soil fertility. It causes the breaking down of coarse plant fragments which otherwise might open up the soil too much: it leads to the production of colloidal complexes known as humus which exert many beneficial effects both chemical and physical, and it brings about the formation of nitrates, the most important of the nitrogenous plant nutrients.

Evaluation of gypsum and organic matter additions for improving soil structure in a radiata pine nursery at Benalla, Victoria

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (121) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Flinn ◽  
RJ Waugh
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Block Experiment

A randomized block experiment was carried out in a radiata pine nursery at Benalla where the soil is weakly aggregated and slakes severely on wetting. Sunflower hulls or sudax ST6 hay or gypsum/dolomite were added during one cycle of a summer green crop, winter cover crop and a pine crop. Plots were also split for a deep ripping treatment. The aim was to improve soil conditions for the growth of pine seedlings. The addition of 170 t/ha of sunflower hulls reduced bulk density (P<0.01) and surface crust resistance (P< 0.05) and markedly increased infiltration capacity (P<0.01). Water-stable aggregation was not statistically affected by any of the treatments because the soil has a clay content of only 18%, though there was an encouraging trend of more water-stable aggregates within the size range 0.25-2 mm following the application of sunflower hulls. Germination of the pine crop was unaffected by treatments as the seed was covered with coarse sand. Seedling survival was low (range 41.1 -47.6%), due in part to saline conditions following fertilizer application. Early growth of seedlings was greater (P<0.05) where additional organic matter was incorporated, but differences between treatments were not statistically significant at harvest. We conclude that soil conditions can be improved for pine growth by adding a large quantity of organic matter, reducing cultivation and maintaining an intensive green cropping program.

scholarly journals Regulation of priming effect by soil organic matter stability over a broad geographic scale

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leiyi Chen ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Shuqi Qin ◽  
Guibiao Yang ◽  
Kai Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
C Dynamics

Abstract The modification of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition by plant carbon (C) input (priming effect) represents a critical biogeochemical process that controls soil C dynamics. However, the patterns and drivers of the priming effect remain hidden, especially over broad geographic scales under various climate and soil conditions. By combining systematic field and laboratory analyses based on multiple analytical and statistical approaches, we explore the determinants of priming intensity along a 2200 km grassland transect on the Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that SOM stability characterized by chemical recalcitrance and physico-chemical protection explains more variance in the priming effect than plant, soil and microbial properties. High priming intensity (up to 137% of basal respiration) is associated with complex SOM chemical structures and low mineral-organic associations. The dependence of priming effect on SOM stabilization mechanisms should be considered in Earth System Models to accurately predict soil C dynamics under changing environments.

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