THE DEPOSITION OF LINOLEIC ACID IN RATS FED CORN OIL

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1477-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce L. Beare ◽  
Morris Kates
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Phosphatidyl Choline ◽  
Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Oil

Rats were fed different levels (0–30%) of corn oil in a purified basal diet, and the proportion of linoleic acid in the total fatty acids of carcass and liver lipids measured by gas–liquid chromatography. At 9 weeks, the proportion of linoleic acid in the carcass fatty acids of rats receiving no fat was 2%, whereas in those receiving 20% corn oil the proportion was 46%; this level was not exceeded when 30% corn oil was fed for the same time. In rats fed 2 or 20% corn oil for intervals up to 24 days, the proportion of linoleic acid in the liver fatty acids reached a maximum more quickly than did that in the carcass. The concentration of linoleic acid in chromatographically separated liver neutral lipid, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine was influenced to different degrees by the dietary level of that acid. The greatest increase in linoleic acid occurred within 3 days in the liver neutral lipids of rats supplied with the higher level of linoleate; smaller increases occurred in the phosphatidyl choline within 3 days and in phosphatidyl ethanolamine within 6 days. With increasing levels of corn oil in the diet, the concentration of linoleic acid in the liver neutral lipids approached that of the dietary oil.

Some Evidence for Light-induced Transfers of Fatty Acids in Euglena gracilis

1973 ◽  
Vol 28 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 270-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pohl
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Euglena Gracilis ◽  
Phosphatidyl Choline ◽  
Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Phosphatidyl Glycerol ◽  
Subsequent Decrease ◽  
Monogalactosyl Diglyceride

Euglena gracilis was grown in the dark for 12 days. Subsequent incubation with sodium octanoate- l-14C in the dark for 6 hours resulted in a rather specific incorporation of radioactivity into the neutral lipids (primarily wax esters). Upon illumination of these cells in an identical medium without radiocarbon, the radioactivities in the neutral lipids decreased strongly, due to a decrease of the labeled wax acids (mainly 1 4:0) and wax alcohols (mainly C14). The radioactivities in phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine increased during the first 24 hours of illumination and thereafter decreased. This was caused by the initial increase and subsequent decrease of the labeled 14:0 and 16:0 acids in phosphatidyl choline and of the 14:0, 16:0 , and 18:1 acids in phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The chloroplast lipids (sulfolipid, phosphatidyl glycerol, monogalactosyl diglyceride, and digalactosyl diglyceride) exhibited a steady increase in radiocarbon content. This was due to an increase of label in the 16:0 fatty acid of the sulfolipid, in the 16:0 and trans3-16:1 fatty acids of the phosphatidyl glycerol, and in the saturated and unsaturated C16 and C18 fatty acids of the monogalactosyl and digalactosyl diglycerides. The labeled fatty acids of the above phospho- and glycolipids had comparably high specific radioactivities. Incorporation of radiocarbon into the last two carbon atoms of their methyl ends, however, was low. The glycerol and sugar moieties of the individual lipids incorporated relatively little radiocarbon. It is concluded that in Euglena gracilis the biosynthesis of long chain fatty acids is associated with specific lipids. Upon illumination, oxidative breakdown of the neutral lipids as well as transfers of fatty acids from the neutral lipids via phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine to the chloroplast lipids seem to be induced. The lipids involved appear to function as parts of a “lipid-bridge” for the acyl transfers.

THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FAT ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF LIVER, CARCASS, AND MILK OF RATS

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1855-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce L. Beare
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Long Chain

Fatty acids of liver, carcass, and milk of rats fed corn oil, rapeseed oil, partially hydrogenated herring oil, or margarine were examined by gas–liquid chromatography. Appreciable quantities of linoleic acid were maintained in the tissues and milk, even when the hydrogenated herring oil with a low level of linoleic acid was fed. The proportion of C20and C22acids deposited or secreted was related to that of the diet, and was highest with rapeseed oil. In the livers of rats fed each diet, long-chain, polyunsaturated acids were observed. The fatty acids of milk more closely reflected the dietary pattern than did those of the tissues.

Effets physiologiques de l'atrazine à doses sublétales sur Lemna minor L. IV. Influence sur la composition lipidique

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1015-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Grenier ◽  
J. P. Marier ◽  
G. Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Linoleic Acid Content ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

The lipids and the fatty acids of duck weed (Lemna minor L.), cultivated aseptically during 5, 10, or 15 days in mineral solution containing sublethal concentrations of atrazine (0.05 to 0.75 ppm), were analysed by thin-layer and gas–liquid chromatography. All concentrations of atrazine used, independently of age of plants, increased the total fatty acid content, except for 5-day plants at 0.50 and 0.75 ppm atrazine where a decrease in total fatty acids was observed. α-Linolenic acid content increased while linoleic acid content decreased. Sublethal concentrations of atrazine increased the percentage of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol compared with total phospholipids and total neutral lipids. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was the main lipid involved in the α-linolenic acid increase observed in the total fatty acids. The increase in α-linolenic acid and in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in the presence of sublethal concentrations of atrazine is an indication that these treatments maintain intact and fully functional chloroplast membranes.

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS IN PREMATURE INFANT FEEDING

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-144
Author(s):  
Mollie A. Combes ◽  
Edward L. Pratt ◽  
Hilda F. Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Deficiency

The weight gain, caloric intake, and serum levels of total fatty acids, dienoic, trienoic, and tetraenoic acids and cholesterol were measured in premature infants fed to satiety on three diets identical in all respects except for the amounts of partially hydrogenated coconut and corn oil. The calories from fat were kept at 18% of the total, but Diet A6 provided 0.01%, Diet B8 0.05%, and Diet C7 4.5% of the calories as linoleic acid. All infants appeared clinically well and gained regularly throughout the study. Infants on the diet containing 4.5% of the calories as linoleic acid had a slightly better partial caloric efficiency ratio than that of the infants on the diet with 0.01% of the calories as linoleic acid. The serum lipid values in the infants fed the lower amounts of linoleic acid (lower amounts of corn oil) resembled those reported in experimental animals with recognizable essential fatty acid deficiency. The serum lipid values for the group receiving 4.5% of the calories as linoleic acid (also ingesting the largest amount of corn oil) approach those reported in infants fed human milk. The significance of these observations to practical infant feeding is not clear until more is known concerning the inter-relationships of essential fatty acids and numerous other food substances in human nutrition.

FLAVOUR REVERSION IN HYDROGENATED LINSEED OIL: I. THE PRODUCTION OF AN ISOMER OF LINOLEIC ACID FROM LINOLENIC ACID

1944 ◽  
Vol 22f (6) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Spectral Method ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Isomeric Acid

Linseed oil that has been hydrogenated to a plastic consistency is subject to a type of deterioration termed "flavour reversion" when heated to temperatures used in baking or frying. Investigation of the course of hydrogenation of linseed oil by the spectral method of Mitchell, Kraybill, and Zscheile (11) has indicated that linolenic acid is converted to an isomeric linoleic acid; this acid differs from naturally occurring linoleic acid in that the double bonds are in such positions that diene conjugation is not produced by high-temperature saponification. In a typical hydrogenation, the concentration of the isomeric acid increased to a maximum, at about iodine number 120, of 18% of the total fatty acids, and at iodine number 80, at which point the plasticity was similar to that of a commercial shortening, the concentration of the isomer was 13%. Evidence is presented that the isomeric linoleic acid in partially hydrogenated linseed oil is responsible for the unpleasant flavour that develops when the oil is heated.

scholarly journals Observations on the nature and origin of lipids in the small intestine of the sheep

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aileen M. Lennox ◽  
A. K. Lough ◽  
G. A. Garton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Proportional Contribution ◽  
Conjugated Bile Acids

1. Total lipids were extracted from digesta obtained from the rumen, abomasum and upper small intestine (jejunum) of each of four slaughtered sheep. The lipids were fractionated into unesterified fatty acids, neutral lipids and phospholipids and the proportional contribution of each fraction to the total fatty acids was determined.2. The contribution made by phospholipids to the total fatty acids in the digesta showed a marked increase in the samples from the small intestine compared with those from the rumen and abomasum. This increase was apparently due to the presence of biliary phospholipids.3. Total lipids and conjugated bile acids were extracted from sheep bile, the lipids were fractionated and their fatty-acid composition was determined. Phospholipids predominated and these consisted mainly of phosphatidylcholine, together with some lysophosphatidylcholine.4. Both phospholipids contained significant amounts of unsaturated C18 components which could account, at least in part, for the previously reported increament to the proportion of these acids in the digesta when it enters the upper jejunum.5. The overall fatty acid compositions of the two biliary phospholipids were very similar and, in common with other naturally occurring phosphatidylcholines, the fatty acids present in position 2 of the phosphatidylcholine of bile were found to consist almost entirely of unsaturated components.6. Total lipids and conjugated bile acids were extracted from samples of digesta obtained from three sheep with cannulas in different positions in the jejunum. Analysis of the lipids indicated that biliary phospholipids, in particular phosphatidylcholine, underwent progressive hydrolysis in the intestinal lumen.7. The distribution of conjugated bile acids, unesterified fatty acids and phospholipids between the solid (particulate) and liquid (micellar) phases of the intestinal digesta was determined. These chyme constituents were, for the most part, associated with the particulate matter and thus, at any given time, it appears that only a small fraction of the total fatty acids is available for absorption in micellar form. It is suggested that the micellar solubilization of fatty acids may be facilitated by the presence of lysophosphatidylcholine.

scholarly journals CONTENT OF FATTY ACIDS IN CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) OIL FROM ECUADOR

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrillo W ◽  
Carpio C ◽  
Morales D ◽  
Vilcacundo E ◽  
Álvarez M ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Pressing Method ◽  
A Value ◽  
Omega 6

  Objective: The aim of this work was to determine the fatty acids content in corn seeds oil (Zea mays) sample cultivated in Ecuador.Methods: Corn oil was obtained from corn oil seeds using the cold pressing method. Methyl esters fatty acids analysis were carried out using the gas chromatography (GC) method with a mass selective detector and using the database library NIST 14.L to identify the compounds present in the corn seed oil.Results: Methyl esters fatty acids were identified from corn (Z. mays) seeds using the GC mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analytical method. Fatty acids were analyzed as methyl esters on a capillary column DB-WAX 122-7062 with a good separation of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, and linolenic acid. The structure of methyl esters fatty acids was determined using the GS-MS method. Corn oil has a high content of linoleic acid (omega 6) with a value of 52.68% of the total content of fatty acids in corn oil and 29.70% of oleic acid (omega 9) of the total content of fatty acids in corn oil. The sample presented a value of 12.57% of palmitic acid.Conclusions: Corn oil shows a good content of fatty acids omega 6 and 9. The higher value was of omega 6 with 52.68% content. Corn oil has a good proportion of polyunsaturated of lipids (53.80%) and 14.86% of saturated lipids.

Responses of celiac and cervical vagal afferents to infusions of lipids in the jejunum or ileum of the rat

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (1) ◽  
pp. R34-R43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Randich ◽  
William J. Tyler ◽  
James E. Cox ◽  
Stephen T. Meller ◽  
Gary R. Kelm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Afferent Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Vagal Afferent ◽  
Increased Activity

Multiunit celiac and single-unit cervical recordings of vagal afferents were performed before and during infusions of fatty acids, triglycerides, or saline into either the ileum or jejunum of the rat. In multiunit recordings, lipids increased activity of vagal afferents to a greater extent than saline. The greatest increases in vagal afferent activity resulted from infusions of linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, or oleic acid. The triglycerides, corn oil or Intralipid, were less effective than the fatty acids in affecting vagal afferent activity. Ileal pretreatment with the hydrophobic surfactant Pluronic L-81 significantly attenuated the response of celiac vagal afferents to ileal infusion of linoleic acid. Single-unit recordings of cervical vagal afferents supported the multiunit data in showing lipid-induced increased vagal afferent activity in ∼50% of ileal units sampled and 100% of a limited number of jejunal units sampled. These data demonstrate that free fatty acids can activate ileal and jejunal vagal afferents in the rat, and this effect can be attenuated by pretreatment with a chylomicron inhibitor. These data are consistent with the view that lipid-induced activation of vagal afferents could be a potential substrate for the inhibitory effects of intestinal lipids on gastrointestinal function, food intake, and body weight gain.

scholarly journals Dietary fish oil modulates macrophage fatty acids and decreases arthritis susceptibility in mice.

1985 ◽  
Vol 162 (4) ◽  
pp. 1336-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
C A Leslie ◽  
W A Gonnerman ◽  
M D Ullman ◽  
K C Hayes ◽  
C Franzblau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fish Oil Diet

B10.RIII and B10.G mice were transferred from a diet of laboratory rodent chow to a standard diet in which all the fat (5% by weight) was supplied as either fish oil (17% eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], 12% docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], 0% arachidonic acid [AA], and 2% linoleic acid) or corn oil (0% EPA, 0% DHA, 0% AA, and 65% linoleic acid). The fatty acid composition of the macrophage phospholipids from mice on the chow diet was similar to that of mice on a corn oil diet. Mice fed the fish oil diet for only 1 wk showed substantial increases in macrophage phospholipid levels of the omega-3 fatty acids (of total fatty acid 4% was EPA, 10% docosapentaenoic acid [DPA], and 10% DHA), and decreases in omega-6 fatty acids (12% was AA, 2% docosatetraenoic acid [DTA], and 4% linoleic acid) compared to corn oil-fed mice (0% EPA, 0% DPA, 6% DHA, 20% AA, 9% DTA, and 8% linoleic acid). After 5 wk this difference between the fish oil-fed and corn oil-fed mice was even more pronounced. Further small changes occurred at 5-9 wk. We studied the prostaglandin (PG) and thromboxane (TX) profile of macrophages prepared from mice fed the two diets just before being immunized with collagen. Irrespective of diet, macrophages prepared from female mice and incubated for 24 h had significantly more PG and TX in the medium than similarly prepared macrophages from male mice. The increased percentage of EPA and decreased percentage of AA in the phospholipids of the macrophages prepared from the fish oil-fed mice was reflected in a reduction in the amount of PGE2 and PGI2 in the medium relative to identically incubated macrophages prepared from corn oil-fed mice. When this same fish oil diet was fed to B10.RIII mice for 26 d before immunization with type II collagen, the time of onset of arthritis was increased, and the incidence and severity of arthritis was reduced compared to arthritis induced in corn oil-fed mice. The females, especially those on the fish oil diet, tended to have less arthritis than the males. These alterations in the fatty acid pool available for PG and leukotriene synthesis suggest a pivotal role for the macrophage and PG in the immune and/or inflammatory response to type II collagen.

In vitro and in vivo inhibition of renin by fatty acids.

1978 ◽  
Vol 234 (6) ◽  
pp. E593 ◽  
Author(s):  
T A Kotchen ◽  
W J Welch ◽  
R T Talwalkar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Arachidonic Acids

Circulating neutral lipids inhibit the in vitro renin reaction. To identify the inhibitor(s), free fatty acids were added to human renin and homologous substrate. Capric, lauric, palmitoleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids each inhibited the rate of angiotensin I production in vitro (P less than 0.01). Inhibition by polysaturated fatty acids (linoleic and arachidonic) was less (P less than 0.01) after catalytic hydrogenation of the double bonds. To evaluate an in vivo effect of renin inhibition intra-arterial blood pressure responses to infusions of renin and angiotensin II (5.0 microgram) were measured in anephric rats (n = 6) before and after infusion of linoleic acid (10 mg iv). Mean increase of blood pressure to angiotensin II before (75 mmHg +/- 9) and after (90 +/- 12) linoleic acid did not differ (P greater than 0.05). However, the pressor response to renin after linoleic acid (18 +/- 3) was less (P less than 0.00)) than that before (102 +/- 13). In summary, several fatty acids inhibit the in vitro renin reaction, and in part inhibition is dependent on unsaturation. Linoleic acid also inhibits the in vivo pressor response to renin. These results suggest that fatty acids may modify the measurement of plasma renin activity and may also affect angiotensin production in vivo.

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