NITROGEN METABOLISM IN COLD-EXPOSED RATS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1169-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton ◽  
T. Orme ◽  
J. Laufer ◽  
A. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Period 2

In these studies, male albino rats were exposed to cold (2–3 °C) for a 7-day period. In vivo studies included the daily measurement of body weight gain, food intake, urine volume, body and liver composition, and nitrogen retention. In vitro, the activities of the following liver enzymes were measured: aspartic acid transaminase, alanine transaminase, arginase, glutamic acid dehydrogenase, and phosphate-activated glutaminase. The results of these experiments demonstrate that exposure of rats to cold increases amino acid catabolism, in part at least to meet increased energy requirements, and reduces protein synthesis as a consequence in the period 2–5 days inclusive, despite a marked increase in food intake. Cold exposure was without effect upon protein absorption but, after 24 hours in the cold, the nitrogen which appeared in the urine increased from about 55% (at 22 °C) to about 76% of the amount that had been absorbed. No effect of cold exposure on nitrogen retention was apparent in the first 24 hours of cold exposure. The subsequent decreased nitrogen retention, on a time basis, appears to bear a relationship to changes in liver enzyme activities, particularly to the increased activities of liver transaminases and arginase.

NITROGEN METABOLISM IN COLD-EXPOSED RATS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1169-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton ◽  
T. Orme ◽  
J. Laufer ◽  
A. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Period 2

In these studies, male albino rats were exposed to cold (2–3 °C) for a 7-day period. In vivo studies included the daily measurement of body weight gain, food intake, urine volume, body and liver composition, and nitrogen retention. In vitro, the activities of the following liver enzymes were measured: aspartic acid transaminase, alanine transaminase, arginase, glutamic acid dehydrogenase, and phosphate-activated glutaminase. The results of these experiments demonstrate that exposure of rats to cold increases amino acid catabolism, in part at least to meet increased energy requirements, and reduces protein synthesis as a consequence in the period 2–5 days inclusive, despite a marked increase in food intake. Cold exposure was without effect upon protein absorption but, after 24 hours in the cold, the nitrogen which appeared in the urine increased from about 55% (at 22 °C) to about 76% of the amount that had been absorbed. No effect of cold exposure on nitrogen retention was apparent in the first 24 hours of cold exposure. The subsequent decreased nitrogen retention, on a time basis, appears to bear a relationship to changes in liver enzyme activities, particularly to the increased activities of liver transaminases and arginase.

scholarly journals A SYNERGISTIC INSULINOTROPIC EFFECT OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT AND POMEGRANATE EXTRACT WITH ROSIGLITAZONE: BOTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO EXPERIMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
REKHA S ◽  
CHANDRASHEKHARA S
Keyword(s):  
Green Tea ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Insulinotropic Effect

Objective: Scientists have growing interest in traditional medicinal plants as they contain active ingredients for the treatment of various diseases. Tea is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. The variety of tea and tea extracts in the market has different polyphenol profiles, which are the bioactive chemical entities. We performed a direct comparison between Thea sinensis, green tea extracts (GTEs), and Punica granatum peel powder (PGPP), which have been chemically well characterized in a type II diabetic mouse model. Methods: We conducted both in vivo and in vitro experiments in the present paper. In vivo studies were carried out on male Swiss albino rats having type II diabetes, induced by single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (0.7 mg/Kg i.m.) and IDDM rats received either PGPP (200 mg/kg) or GTE (100 mg/kg) as a single oral dose. After the above result, the extracts were further subjected to know the effect of insulin secretion by RIN-5F cells providing confirmation of insulinotropic effect. Results: The results revealed that both PGPP and GTE substantially lowered blood glucose levels and ameliorated glucose intolerance, both were effective in antihyperglycemic activity and in lowering body weight gain. Serum insulin levels significantly increased in GTE group as well as in PGPP group, suggesting that they were exerting hypoglycemic effects through different pathways. Conclusion: Synergistic action of PGPP and GTE is an effective alternative for the treatment of type II diabetes through the regeneration of β cells of pancreas.

scholarly journals Effects of Bacterial CLPB Protein Fragments on Food Intake and PYY Secretion

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2223
Author(s):  
Manon Dominique ◽  
Nicolas Lucas ◽  
Romain Legrand ◽  
Illona-Marie Bouleté ◽  
Christine Bôle-Feysot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
E Coli ◽  
In Vivo Effects

CLPB (Caseinolytic peptidase B) protein is a conformational mimetic of α-MSH, an anorectic hormone. Previous in vivo studies have already shown the potential effect of CLPB protein on food intake and on the production of peptide YY (PYY) by injection of E. coli wild type (WT) or E. coli ΔClpB. However, until now, no study has shown its direct effect on food intake. Furthermore, this protein can fragment naturally. Therefore, the aim of this study was (i) to evaluate the in vitro effects of CLPB fragments on PYY production; and (ii) to test the in vivo effects of a CLPB fragment sharing molecular mimicry with α-MSH (CLPB25) compared to natural fragments of the CLPB protein (CLPB96). To do that, a primary culture of intestinal mucosal cells from male Sprague–Dawley rats was incubated with proteins extracted from E. coli WT and ΔCLPB after fragmentation with trypsin or after a heat treatment of the CLPB protein. PYY secretion was measured by ELISA. CLPB fragments were analyzed by Western Blot using anti-α-MSH antibodies. In vivo effects of the CLPB protein on food intake were evaluated by intraperitoneal injections in male C57Bl/6 and ob/ob mice using the BioDAQ® system. The natural CLPB96 fragmentation increased PYY production in vitro and significantly decreased cumulative food intake from 2 h in C57Bl/6 and ob/ob mice on the contrary to CLPB25. Therefore, the anorexigenic effect of CLPB is likely the consequence of enhanced PYY secretion.

scholarly journals Development of a Phototoxicity Testing Strategy for Accurate Photosafety Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals Based on the Assessment of Possible Melanin-Binding Effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-307
Author(s):  
Jelle Reinen ◽  
Pieter van Sas ◽  
Ton van Huygevoort ◽  
Leticia Rubio ◽  
Kevin Scase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Damage ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Brown Norway ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Guidance Document ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Melanin Binding

Drug-induced phototoxicity occurs when drugs absorb natural sunlight, leading to chemical reactions causing cellular damage. Distribution to light-exposed tissues is critical and is enhanced by binding to melanin. The International Council on Harmonization S10 guidance document on photosafety evaluation of pharmaceuticals states that although nonpigmented skin tends to be more sensitive than pigmented skin, pigmented skin models should be considered for drugs that bind significantly to melanin. In this study, an in vitro melanin-binding assay was evaluated as prescreening tool for animal model selection. Binding of various structurally diverse phototoxic drugs to synthetic melanin was investigated in vitro and the high-affinity binder sparfloxacin (SPX), moderate-affinity binder 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), and low-affinity binder pirfenidone (PIF) were selected for in vivo studies. Pigmented Brown Norway (BN) rats were compared with nonpigmented Wistar Albino rats to evaluate their sensitivity for the assessment of phototoxicity and skin concentrations of the drugs were measured. For SPX, the onset of phototoxic symptoms was faster for BN rats and drug concentrations were significantly higher in skin of BN rats. For 8-MOP, both models showed comparable sensitivity and skin concentrations did not differ. For the low-affinity binder PIF, no phototoxic effects were observed and skin concentrations in both models were similar. A combined in vitro/in vivo approach was developed that can be applied for accurate photosafety evaluation of pharmaceuticals based on the assessment of possible melanin-binding effects. In view of the presented data, the pigmented model could be considered for compounds showing a high-affinity binding capacity in vitro.

scholarly journals Production and Evaluation of Nutritional Contents of Traditional Couscous from Sprouted Wheat Fortified with Glycine max (L.) merr (Soya Bean) and Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin) Seeds

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Raihanatu MB ◽  
Falmata AS ◽  
Bintu BP ◽  
Maryam BK ◽  
Hadiza Ahmed Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
Pumpkin Seeds

The study was carried to process, produce, and evaluate nutritional contents of traditional couscous from sprouted wheat (Triticum aestivum), fortified with Soya bean (Glycine max) and Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seeds. The composite couscous blends were traditionally produced and compared with commercial couscous. The sprouted wheat couscous blends were blended in different ratios, they include; unprocessed (Raw wheat, 100), blend 1 (sprouted wheat mixed with soya bean and pumpkin seeds, 70:20:10), blend 2 (sprouted wheat mixed with soya bean, 60:40) and blend 3 (sprouted wheat mixed with pumpkin seeds, 60:40). Traditional wheat couscous blends were fed to experimental albino rats of wister strain weighing between (35 g and 45 g) for a period of 28 days. The nutritional and physiochemical analysis were determined using standard laboratory methods. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0 was used to analyze the data collected which were expressed as means ± SE. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range tests were used to compare the means obtained after each experiment. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Processing (Sprouting) decreases the levels of anti-nutrients, mineral elements and vitamins. Supplementation with soya bean and pumpkin seeds increased the nutritional composition of the sprouted wheat couscous blends. Results of chemical composition showed that blend 2, recorded high protein (29.95%), fat (8.95%) and low carbohydrate content (49.56%), followed by blend 1 and then blend 3, while commercial couscous crude protein, fat and carbohydrate were 12.53%, 1.42% and 75.10% respectively. There was improved level of in vitro protein digestibility at 1 hour (76.64% to 98.59%) and at 6 hours (96.80% to 99.33%). Results of in vivo studies showed that raw wheat couscous recorded protein quality when compared with spouted wheat couscous blends produced. The biological values of the composite couscous blends range from 95.04% to 95.73% and blend 2, recorded high net protein utilization (98.57%). In terms of sensory evaluation using hedonic method, blend 2 was most acceptable and differ significantly (p < 0.05) with other sprouted wheat couscous blends and commercial couscous. The cost of producing sprouted wheat couscous blends is cheaper than the commercial couscous. The study has therefore, revealed that with proper selection of locally available cereal, it is possible to produce nutritious complementary couscous blends that would be acceptable and nutritionally adequate to meet up the nutritional requirement for both children and adults. It also compares favourably with the commercial couscous in terms of nutrient contents.

Endogenous ACTH, not only α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, reduces food intake mediated by hypothalamic mechanisms

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (2) ◽  
pp. E237-E244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Schulz ◽  
Kerstin Paulus ◽  
Ralf Lobmann ◽  
Mary Dallman ◽  
Hendrik Lehnert
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Reduce Food Intake ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Paraventricular Nuclei ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Robust Evidence ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

ACTH and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) are both consecutively processed from proopiomelanocortin (POMC), which is synthesized in hypothalamic arcuate neurons innervating the paraventricular nuclei (PVN). POMC secretion/synthesis is regulated by energy availability. ACTH and α-MSH bind with equal affinity to melanocortin-4 receptors and elicit similar effects on signal transduction in-vitro. Endogenous α-MSH thus far is believed to be the major physiological agonist and to act in an anorexigenic manner. Until now, it was fully unknown whether endogenous ACTH is also involved in the regulation of appetite and food intake. In this study in rats, we now show that icv ACTH as well as α-MSH possess anorexigenic effects in the PVN or areas in close proximity in vivo and that the effect of ACTH is direct and not mediated via α-MSH. We investigated the roles of endogenous ACTH and α-MSH by PVN application of the respective antibodies under different physiological conditions. In satiated rats with high levels of ACTH and α-MSH in the PVN, antibody administration increased food intake and body weight gain; hungry animals were unaffected. Finally, repeated injections of ACTH antibodies into PVN resulted in persistently increased food intake during the light period. These data now provide robust evidence that endogenous ACTH without further processing acts in the PVN or areas in close proximity to reduce food intake under conditions of feeding-induced satiety.

Cholecystokinin activates area postrema neurons in rat brain slices

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (5) ◽  
pp. R1625-R1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sun ◽  
A. V. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Unit Recording ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Cckb Receptor

Peripheral cholecystokinin (CCK) reduces food intake and triggers the secretion of both oxytocin and corticotropin-releasing hormone. These responses are partially initiated by activation of receptors in the peripheral endings of the vagus nerve. However, in vivo studies showing that after vagotomy systemic CCK induces fos activation of neurons in the area postrema (AP) suggest that circulating CCK may directly influence the activity of neurons in this structure. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the responsiveness of AP neurons to CCK using in vitro extracellular single-unit recording techniques. Bath application of 100 nM CCK for 200 s resulted in excitatory responses in 41% and inhibitory effects in 6% of 143 AP neurons tested. Application of multiple doses of CCK (1-100 nM) to single neurons demonstrated that CCK effects were dose dependent. The firing rate of tested neurons increased by 48 +/- 15% in response to 1 nM, by 89 +/- 22% in response to 10 nM, and by 242 +/- 77% in response to 100 nM CCK. After we blockaded synaptic transmission with a low-Ca2+/high-Mg2+ artificial cerebrospinal fluid, the excitatory effects of CCK remained in all nine neurons tested. The CCK-receptor antagonist L-364,718 had no significant effect on the responses to CCK (P > 0.1, n = 4), whereas, after perfusion of slices with the CCKB-receptor antagonist L-365,260, mean responses to CCK were significantly reduced to 12.6 +/- 4.7% of the control value (P < 0.001, n = 4). These results demonstrate a direct and dose-dependent excitatory action of CCK on AP neurons that is abolished by CCKB-receptor antagonists. These data emphasize the potential role of AP in processing afferent information derived from circulating peptide concentrations that could be involved in the regulation of food intake.

Genistein and daidzein decrease food intake and body weight gain in mice, and alter LXR signaling in vivo and in vitro

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 6257-6267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Luo ◽  
Omar Miranda-Garcia ◽  
Geoff Sasaki ◽  
Jinling Wang ◽  
Neil F. Shay
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Decrease Food Intake

Genistein and daidzein decrease mice food intake, ameliorate symptoms of metabolic syndrome, including decreasing body weight gain, and improving glucose metabolism, and appear to produce differential effects, possibly via the regulation of LXR-mediated pathways.

scholarly journals ORAL DELIVERY OF ZOLMITRIPTAN LOADED FAST DISINTEGRATING FILM: FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT, STATISTICAL OPTIMIZATION, IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO EVALUATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iti Chauhan ◽  
Mohammad Yasir ◽  
Madhu Verma
Keyword(s):  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Formulation Development ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Disintegration Time

Introduction: Fast dissolving film technology has been developed out as a alternative drug delivery system that gives an exception advantage for taking medications. Objective: The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate the Zolmitriptan loaded fast disintegrating oral film by solvent casting method. Material and methods:  A preliminary study was conducted to select a suitable film forming polymer and plasticiser concentration.The formulation was optimized with the help of 22 factorial designs in which polymer and plasticizer concentration at two levels was taken as independent factors and disintegration time, tensile strength and % elongation were taken as dependent factors. The optimized formulation OP1 was subjected to stability study as per the ICH guidelines at 40 ± 0.50C / 75 ± 5% RH for six months. In vivo studies were conducted on Wister albino rats and concentration of drug in blood was analysed by HPLC technique. Various pharmacokinetic parameters for OP1 were determined and compared with reference formulation (drug sol.). Result and Discussion: For optimized formulation various parameters were found to be in acceptable range and it was stable under specified conditions. The value of AUC0–t (ng h/ml), AUC0–∞ (ng h/ml) of the OP1 was found to be 723.91± 84.21, 770.90 ± 104.32, respectively, for the drug sol 468.56 ± 79.36, 500.37 ± 95.43 respectively. Relative bioavailability of OP1 was 1.55 time than that of drug sol. Conclusion: The formulation not only increases the bioavailability of drug but also produce the quick action for the migraine patients. 

scholarly journals NARINGENIN-LOADED D-Α-TOCOPHERYL POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL SUCCINATE 1000 POLYMERIC NANOSUSPENSION: AN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY

2019 ◽  
pp. 459-463
Author(s):  
SUMATHI RAJAMANI ◽  
GOBINATH KALYANA SUNDARAM ◽  
TAMIZHARASI SENGODAN ◽  
SIVAKUMAR THANGAVELU ◽  
NIKHITHA K SHANMUKHAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solubility ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Glycol Succinate ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Objective: Naringenin (NAR) a flavonoid, exhibits extensive pharmacological action, fails to attain a significance in application due to low aqueous solubility (~ 0.214 mg/mL) which results in low bioavailability (5.8%). Nanosuspension of NAR (NARNS) was prepared in our previous studies using high-pressure homogenization employing various polymers. All these formulations were characterized and as a continuation of our work formulations was further evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by in vitro and in vivo methods. Methods: Denaturation of protein method and membrane stabilization methods was chosen for in vitro evaluation. In vivo studies performed were acute inflammatory studies (carrageenan-induced paw edema) and chronic inflammatory studies (cotton pellet granuloma) on Wistar albino rats. Results: The studies demonstrated that the NAR and NARNS at a dose of 50mg/kg P.O. have a potent activity compared to the standard drug diclofenac. Conclusion: The percentage of protection against inflammation exhibited by NARNS was highly significant compared to NAR.

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