STUDIES ON THE PRESERVATION OF BLOOD: VI. THE INFLUENCE OF ADENOSINE AND INOSINE ON THE METABOLISM OF THE ERYTHROCYTE

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1269-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rubinstein ◽  
Shelby Kashket ◽  
Orville F. Denstedt
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Organic Phosphate ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Phosphate Esters ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Full Effect ◽  
Citrate Dextrose

Inosine is as effective as adenosine in maintaining the organic phosphate esters in the erythrocytes during storage in the citrate–dextrose preservative medium. Adenosine undergoes deamination in the presence of erythrocytes with liberation of ammonia. The ammonia tends to counteract the increase in the hydrogen ion concentration caused by the glycolytic production of lactic acid. By maintaining the hydrogen ion concentration within the range favorable to the activity of hexokinase, adenosine tends to maintain the utilization of glucose in the preserved red cells. Inosine, on the contrary, does not resist the increase in hydrogen ion concentration of the cells during storage, hence the utilization of glucose rapidly becomes impaired and supplanted by the utilization of ribose derived from the nucleoside. The utilization of ribose remains practically unaffected by the increase in hydrogen ion concentration to pH 6.1. Ammonium ions stimulate the utilization of glucose by erythrocytes but in degree not sufficient to account for the full effect of adenosine.

STUDIES ON THE PRESERVATION OF BLOOD: VI. THE INFLUENCE OF ADENOSINE AND INOSINE ON THE METABOLISM OF THE ERYTHROCYTE

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1269-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rubinstein ◽  
Shelby Kashket ◽  
Orville F. Denstedt
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Organic Phosphate ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Phosphate Esters ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Full Effect ◽  
Citrate Dextrose

Inosine is as effective as adenosine in maintaining the organic phosphate esters in the erythrocytes during storage in the citrate–dextrose preservative medium. Adenosine undergoes deamination in the presence of erythrocytes with liberation of ammonia. The ammonia tends to counteract the increase in the hydrogen ion concentration caused by the glycolytic production of lactic acid. By maintaining the hydrogen ion concentration within the range favorable to the activity of hexokinase, adenosine tends to maintain the utilization of glucose in the preserved red cells. Inosine, on the contrary, does not resist the increase in hydrogen ion concentration of the cells during storage, hence the utilization of glucose rapidly becomes impaired and supplanted by the utilization of ribose derived from the nucleoside. The utilization of ribose remains practically unaffected by the increase in hydrogen ion concentration to pH 6.1. Ammonium ions stimulate the utilization of glucose by erythrocytes but in degree not sufficient to account for the full effect of adenosine.

STUDIES ON THE PRESERVATION OF BLOOD: V. THE INFLUENCE OF THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION ON CERTAIN CHANGES IN BLOOD DURING STORAGE

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 827-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby Kashket ◽  
David Rubinstein ◽  
Orville F. Denstedt
Keyword(s):  
Red Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Citrate Dextrose

The hexokinase of the erythrocyte has two optima of activity, a pronounced one at pH 7.8 and a lesser one at pH 6.0. Glycerate-2,3-diphosphatase of the red cell similarly has two sharp optima, at pH 7.0 and 8.1, respectively. From pH 7.2 to 7.8 the activity of the diphosphatase is very low. During storage of blood with the citrate–dextrose (CD) medium at 4 °C. the pH of the samples falls from about pH 7.4 to 6.9, by the end of the fourth week. When blood is preserved with the acidified citrate–dextrose (ACD) medium, the pH falls from about 7.1 to 6.5 in the same period. The content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and the diminution in the activity of the hexokinase of the red cells are related to the change in the pH of the blood during storage. The significance of these changes is discussed.

STUDIES ON THE PRESERVATION OF BLOOD: V. THE INFLUENCE OF THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION ON CERTAIN CHANGES IN BLOOD DURING STORAGE

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 827-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby Kashket ◽  
David Rubinstein ◽  
Orville F. Denstedt
Keyword(s):  
Red Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Citrate Dextrose

The hexokinase of the erythrocyte has two optima of activity, a pronounced one at pH 7.8 and a lesser one at pH 6.0. Glycerate-2,3-diphosphatase of the red cell similarly has two sharp optima, at pH 7.0 and 8.1, respectively. From pH 7.2 to 7.8 the activity of the diphosphatase is very low. During storage of blood with the citrate–dextrose (CD) medium at 4 °C. the pH of the samples falls from about pH 7.4 to 6.9, by the end of the fourth week. When blood is preserved with the acidified citrate–dextrose (ACD) medium, the pH falls from about 7.1 to 6.5 in the same period. The content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and the diminution in the activity of the hexokinase of the red cells are related to the change in the pH of the blood during storage. The significance of these changes is discussed.

The Absorption of Sodium Ions by the Crayfish Astacus Pallipes Lereboullet

1960 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-556
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Loss Rate ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
External Concentration ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

1. The effect of various cations in the external solution on the sodium influx in the crayfish, Astacus pallipes, has been studied. 2. Potassium in concentrations up to 4 mM./l. has no significant effect on the sodium influx from 0.05 mM./l. NaCl solutions. 3. Calcium has no effect on the influx in concentrations up to 1 mM./l. At higher concentrations the influx may be reduced in some cases. 4. Magnesium generally increases the influx by about 30%. The effect is not related to the external concentration. 5. Ammonium ions reduce sodium influx. With an ammonium/sodium concentraton ratio of 20:1 the influx is reduced to about 20% of normal. Ammonium ions do not affect the sodium loss rate. 6. Simple substituted ammonium compounds have little effect on the influx. 7. The external hydrogen ion concentration reduces sodium influx if the pH is below 6. At pH 4 the influx is reduced to 20-30% of normal. A low pH does not decrease the rate of sodium loss. 8. The nature of the specific inhibition of sodium influx by ammonium ions is discussed. It is suggested that the ammonium ions interfere with a normal sodium ammonium exchange mechanism.

scholarly journals The heat of rigor of mammalian muscle

1930 ◽  
Vol 107 (750) ◽  
pp. 214-222 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Rigor Mortis ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Mammalian Muscle ◽  
Quantity Of Heat

The stiffening of muscle in rigor mortis is closely related to gelation of the muscle plasma (Smith, 1930). Neither the stiffening of the muscle (Hoet and Marks, 1926) nor the gelation of the plasma is immediately due to an increase in the hydrogen-ion concentration of the muscle, but, apart from the formation of lactic acid, no reaction is known to occur post-mortem which might be held responsible for the coagulation of the plasma. It was with a view to the detection of any such reaction that the following measurements of the heat production accompanying rigor mortis were made. The heat of rigor mortis has not previously been measured, although A. V. Hill (1912) measured the heat produced by frog’s muscles undergoing heat and chloroform rigor. The result suggested that the conversion of glycogen into lactic acid accounted for almost the whole of the heat produced. This has been found to be the case in the muscle of a normal well-fed rabbit when passing into rigor mortis , and also in the case of fatigued or exhausted muscle, but starved animals produce a larger quantity of heat than can be accounted for by the lactic acid produced.

Hypercarbia at Birth: A Possible Role in the Pathogenesis of lntraventricular Hemorrhage

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-467
Author(s):  
John D. Kenny ◽  
Joseph A. Garcia-Prats ◽  
James L. Hilliard ◽  
Anthony J. S. Corbet ◽  
Arnold J. Rudolph
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Umbilical Artery ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Bicarbonate Level ◽  
Lactic Acid Level ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
The Difference

To test the hypothesis that birth asphyxia has a role in the etiology of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), blood was collected from the umbilical artery (UA) at birth in 28 premature infants of 26 to 29 weeks' gestation and analyzed for hydrogen ion concentration [H · ], PCO2, standard bicarbonate level, and lactic acid level. The infants were followed up throughout their nursery stay until a diagnosis of IVH could be made or excluded, either by autopsy or clinical findings. Infants with IVH had lower Apgar scores. There were no differences in UA [H ·] or bicarbonate or lactic acid levels. However, infants with IVH had a significantly higher UA PCO2. Although the difference appeared relatively small, the increase in PCO2 during labor may have been relatively large. It is concluded that hypercarbia, possibly by increasing cerebral blood flow, may he one important factor in the genesis of IVH.

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