EFFECTS OF SODIUM-FREE MEDIA UPON THE METABOLISM AND THE POTASSIUM AND WATER CONTENTS OF BRAIN SLICES

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna M. Pappius ◽  
M. Rosenfeld ◽  
Dorothy McLean Johnson ◽  
K. A. C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Anaerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Low Potassium ◽  
Free Media ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Slight Inhibition

Brain slices maintain a high concentration of potassium when incubated aerobically in ordinary sodium-containing low-potassium medium but the concentration falls to the level found under plain anaerobic conditions if choline, lithium, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (tris) are substituted for all the sodium in the medium. With the choline medium, concentration of potassium in the tissue increases markedly if a very little sodium is present; considerably more sodium is required when the main cation present is lithium. A moderately high concentration of potassium is maintained in tissue under anaerobic conditions in sodium-containing medium when glycolysis is stimulated by pyruvate and previous aerobiosis. This high concentration is not found when sodium in the medium is replaced by choline or lithium. The potassium content of slices incubated aerobically or anaerobically with potassium replacing all sodium in the medium is higher than could be accounted for by simple equilibration of the slice fluids with the medium.The rate of oxygen uptake is not changed when choline or lithium replace all the sodium in the medium; with tris or potassium in place of sodium there is slight inhibition. Anaerobic glycolysis is increased in the choline and potassium media and slightly depressed in lithium medium. The stimulatory effect on anaerobic glycolysis of pyruvate is apparent in the sodium, choline, lithium, and potassium media but the stimulation by a preliminary period of aerobiosis does not occur in the lithium and potassium media.Under aerobic conditions swelling and "intracellular" (non-sucrose) space is not affected by replacing sodium with choline or lithium. Both are increased in the tris and, especially, in the potassium media. Under anaerobic conditions there is a striking decrease in swelling and intracellular space with the choline medium.The replacement of a small amount of salt by sucrose causes a decrease in swelling in all media, especially in the potassium medium.

EFFECTS OF SODIUM-FREE MEDIA UPON THE METABOLISM AND THE POTASSIUM AND WATER CONTENTS OF BRAIN SLICES

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna M. Pappius ◽  
M. Rosenfeld ◽  
Dorothy McLean Johnson ◽  
K. A. C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Anaerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Low Potassium ◽  
Free Media ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Slight Inhibition

Brain slices maintain a high concentration of potassium when incubated aerobically in ordinary sodium-containing low-potassium medium but the concentration falls to the level found under plain anaerobic conditions if choline, lithium, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (tris) are substituted for all the sodium in the medium. With the choline medium, concentration of potassium in the tissue increases markedly if a very little sodium is present; considerably more sodium is required when the main cation present is lithium. A moderately high concentration of potassium is maintained in tissue under anaerobic conditions in sodium-containing medium when glycolysis is stimulated by pyruvate and previous aerobiosis. This high concentration is not found when sodium in the medium is replaced by choline or lithium. The potassium content of slices incubated aerobically or anaerobically with potassium replacing all sodium in the medium is higher than could be accounted for by simple equilibration of the slice fluids with the medium.The rate of oxygen uptake is not changed when choline or lithium replace all the sodium in the medium; with tris or potassium in place of sodium there is slight inhibition. Anaerobic glycolysis is increased in the choline and potassium media and slightly depressed in lithium medium. The stimulatory effect on anaerobic glycolysis of pyruvate is apparent in the sodium, choline, lithium, and potassium media but the stimulation by a preliminary period of aerobiosis does not occur in the lithium and potassium media.Under aerobic conditions swelling and "intracellular" (non-sucrose) space is not affected by replacing sodium with choline or lithium. Both are increased in the tris and, especially, in the potassium media. Under anaerobic conditions there is a striking decrease in swelling and intracellular space with the choline medium.The replacement of a small amount of salt by sucrose causes a decrease in swelling in all media, especially in the potassium medium.

scholarly journals Effects of tetrodotoxin and anaesthetics on brain metabolism and transport during anoxia

1972 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Shankar ◽  
J. H. Quastel
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Anaerobic Glycolysis ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Brain Cortex Slices ◽  
Cortex Slices

1. Tetrodotoxin, at concentrations at which it abolishes generation of action potentials in the nervous system, enhances by about 300% the rate of anaerobic glycolysis of brain-cortex slices from adult rats, or from adult and infant guinea pigs. This occurs to a greater extent in Ca2+-deficient incubation media than in Ca2+-rich media. Tetrodotoxin has no accelerative effect on cerebral aerobic glycolysis. 2. Tetrodotoxin does not affect the rate of anaerobic glycolysis of 2-day-old rat brain-cortex slices, nor that of adult rat kidney medulla, nor that of an extract of an acetone-dried powder of brain. 3. Tetrodotoxin does not affect the rate of penetration of glucose into brain slices. 4. Its effect is not apparent if it is added 10min or later after the onset of anoxia. 5. Its effect diminishes as the concentration of K+ in the incubation medium is increased while that of Na+ is decreased. 6. Its salient effect, at the onset of anoxia, is to diminish influx of Na+ into, and efflux of K+ from, the brain slices. 7. Substances that promote cerebral influx of Na+, e.g. protoveratrine, sodium l-glutamate, diminish the accelerative action of tetrodotoxin. 8. It is concluded that tetrodotoxin exerts its effect on anaerobic glycolysis by suppressing, at the onset of anoxia, the generation of action potentials and thereby the accompanying influx of Na+ and efflux of K+. It is suggested that glycolytic stimulation occurs because a rate-limiting step, e.g. operation of pyruvate kinase, is stimulated by K+ and depressed by Na+. 9. Local anaesthetics behave in a manner similar to that of tetrodotoxin in enhancing cerebral anaerobic glycolysis. 10. Sodium Amytal has a marked effect at relatively high concentration. 11. Tetrodotoxin diminishes efflux of amino acids, particularly glutamate and aspartate, at the onset of anoxia.

scholarly journals Effects of Dinitrophenol and Oligomycin on the Coupling between Anaerobic Metabolism and Anaerobic Sodium Transport by the Isolated Turtle Bladder

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal S. Bricker ◽  
Saulo Klahr
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Sodium Pump ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Mitochondrial Atpase ◽  
Anaerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Na Transport ◽  
Anaerobic System ◽  
Mitochondrial Atpase Activity

Dinitrophenol (1 x 10-5 M) has been found to inhibit anaerobic sodium transport by the isolated urinary bladder of the fresh water turtle. Concurrently, anaerobic glycolysis was stimulated markedly. However, tissue ATP levels diminished only modestly, remaining at approximately 75% of values observed under anaerobic conditions without DNP. The utilization of glucose (from endogenous glycogen) corresponded closely to that predicted from the molar quantities of lactate formed. Thus the glycolytic pathway was completed in the presence of DNP and if ATP were synthesized normally during glycolysis, synthesis should have been increased. On the other hand, the decrease in Na transport should have decreased ATP utilization. Oligomycin did not block sodium transport either aerobically or anaerobically, but ATP concentrations did decrease. When anaerobic glycolysis was blocked by iodoacetate, pyruvate did not sustain sodium transport thus suggesting that no electron acceptors were available in the system. Two explanations are entertained for the anaerobic effect of DNP: (a) Stimulation by DNP of plasma membrane as well as mitochondrial ATPase activity; (b) inhibition of a high energy intermediate derived from glycolytic ATP or from glycolysis per se. The arguments relevant to each possibility are presented in the text. Although definitive resolution is not possible, we believe that the data favor the hypothesis that there was a high energy intermediate in the anaerobic system and that this intermediate, rather than ATP, served as the immediate source of energy for the sodium pump.

Inhibition of sulfide generation by dosing formaldehyde and its derivatives in sewage under anaerobic conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 915-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zhang ◽  
L. Mendoza ◽  
M. Marzorati ◽  
W. Verstraete
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Rate ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Activated Sludge System ◽  
The Impact

Hydrogen sulfide emission in sewers is associated with toxicity, corrosion, odor nuisance and a lot of costs. The possibility to inhibit sulfide generation by formaldehyde and its derivatives (paraformaldehyde and urea formaldehyde) has been evaluated under anaerobic conditions. The impact of formaldehyde on an activated sludge system and an appraisal of the economic aspects are also presented. The optimum dosage to inhibit sulfide generation in sewage was 12–19 mg L−1 formaldehyde. The dosages of 32 mg L−1 paraformaldehyde or 100 mg L−1 urea formaldehyde were not capable of inhibiting sulfide generation in sewage. The impact of 19 mg L−1 formaldehyde on activated sludge system was negligible in terms of COD removal, nitrification rate and oxygen uptake rate.

Histochemical Demonstration of Certain DPN-Linked Dehydrogenases and of Aldolase in the Red and White Fibres of Pigeon Breast-Muscle

1962 ◽  
Vol s3-103 (61) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
J. C. GEORGE ◽  
C. L. TALESARA
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Histochemical Demonstration ◽  
Breast Muscle ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Acceptor ◽  
Localization Pattern ◽  
Important Link

The distribution and localization-pattern of certain DPN-linked dehydrogenases (malic, lactic, D-glucose, glutamic, and a-glycerophosphate) were demonstrated histochemically in the red and white fibres of pigeon breast-muscle by using neotetrazolium as the hydrogen acceptor, under strictly anaerobic conditions. All the dehydrogenases studied showed distinctly higher enzyme activity in the narrow red fibres than in the broad white fibres. That of a-glycerophosphate was, however, found to be appreciably more abundant than other dehydrogenases in the broad fibres. A high concentration of aldolase, which forms an important link in the chain of enzymes in glycolysis, was histochemically demonstrated in the broad, white, glycogen-loaded fibres.

Comparison of Tissue Respiration in Mice Exposed to Heat and Cold

1958 ◽  
Vol 195 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Jasper ◽  
M. E. Denison ◽  
M. X. Zarrow ◽  
W. A. Hiestand
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Tissue Respiration ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
General Adaptation Syndrome ◽  
Liver Slices ◽  
General Adaptation

Oxygen uptake of liver, kidney and brain slices from cold-and heat-exposed adult, male mice was studied using the Warburg constant volume respirometer. In general, oxygen uptake showed certain similarities for both groups. The greatest oxygen increase from the control was observed after 72 hours of cold or heat exposure. For liver slices this was 21 and 6%, respectively; for kidney it was 23 and 27%; and for brain 33 and 31%, respectively. The lowest rate of oxygen uptake was seen after 48 hours of cold or heat exposure. For liver slices this was –27 and 6%; kidney, –7 and +14%; and for brain –10 and –2%, respectively. The mortality rate was increased in the heat-exposed more than in the cold-exposed animals. It is concluded that the response of oxygen uptake of these tissues from animals exposed to these divergent stresses (cold and heat) conforms to the pattern of the General-Adaptation-Syndrome.

Metabolic requirements for anaerobic active Cl and Na transport in the bullfrog cornea

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (5) ◽  
pp. C268-C276 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Reinach ◽  
H. F. Schoen ◽  
O. A. Candia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Anaerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Na Transport ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Stimulation Of

In the bullfrog cornea, the relationships between the rates of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis and active Cl and Na transport were studied. In NaCl Ringer (glucose-free), the short-circuit current (SCC) declined much more slowly under aerobic than under anaerobic conditions. The aerobic lactate effluxes in glucose-free and glucose-rich NaCl Ringer were 0.08 and 0.23 micromol/h.cm2, respectively. The transition to anoxia caused these values to increase significantly and was accompanied by depletion of endogenous glycogen in glucose-free Ringer. In Na2SO4 Ringer, amphotericin B (10(-5) M) stimulation of the aerobic SCC was not dependent on the presence of glucose but under anoxia, SCC stimulation required glucose. In Na2SO4 (glucose-rich) Ringer, amphotericin B stimulated the aerobic lactate efflux from 0.26 to 0.36 mumol/h.cm2 and anoxia increased it to 0.55 micromol/h.cm2. In NaCl Ringer, the addition of either 0.5 mM adenosine or 1 mM ATP with 26 mM glucose restored the anaerobic-inhibited SCC and lactate efflux of glucose-depleted corneas. The results show that the reactions of glycolysis are a sufficient energy source for supporting active Na and Cl transport.

One why of the warmth of warm-bodied fish

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (3) ◽  
pp. R151-R155 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Stevens ◽  
F. G. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Cell Boundary ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Facilitated Diffusion ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Simple Diffusion ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Long Time

Tunas are unusual among fish in that they are warm bodied. In the present essay we argue that one adaptive advantage to being warm is that the warmth increases the rate of delivery of oxygen from the cell boundary to the mitochondria by myoglobin. This argument is supported by the following. 1) Tuna have extremely high rates of oxygen uptake, much higher than other fish and close to the rates achieved by mammals. 2) Tuna have an extraordinary capacity to maintain high cruising speeds for a long time. 3) Tuna have much red muscle that contains a high concentration of myoglobin. 4) The effect of temperature on simple diffusion of oxygen is very small whereas the potential affect on facilitated diffusion by myoglobin is large.

scholarly journals GLYCOLYSIS IN RAT PERITONEAL MAST CELLS

1965 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirmal Chakravarty
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Anaerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Glycolytic Activity ◽  
Peritoneal Mast Cells ◽  
Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells

Glycolytic activity of rat peritoneal mast cells has been measured by the Cartesian ampulla diver technique. The rates of anaerobic glycolysis, expressed as CO2 expelled from a bicarbonate medium, are 1.70 x 10-6 µl and 1.43 x 10-6 µl per cell per hour with and without glucose, respectively. The aerobic glycolysis rate in the presence of glucose, assuming the respiratory quotient to be 1, is 0.93 x 10-6 µl CO2 per cell per hour. It is pointed out that the anaerobic and non-respiratory aerobic carbon dioxide production by mast cells is much higher than the respiratory oxygen uptake reported previously. These values have been interpreted in terms of glucose utilization.

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