Signaling in glial development: differentiation migration and axon guidance

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 694-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J Parker ◽  
Vanessa J Auld
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Axon Guidance ◽  
Egf Receptor ◽  
System Development ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Glial Development ◽  
Embryonic Nervous System

Glial cells have diverse functions that are necessary for the proper development and function of complex nervous systems. During development, a variety of reciprocal signaling interactions between glia and neurons dictate all parts of nervous system development. Glia may provide attractive, repulsive, or contact-mediated cues to steer neuronal growth cones and ensure that neurons find their appropriate synaptic targets. In fact, both neurons and glia may act as migrational substrates for one another at different times during development. Also, the exchange of trophic signals between glia and neurons is essential for the proper bundling, fasciculation, and ensheathement of axons as well as the differentiation and survival of both cell types. The growing number of links between glial malfunction and human disease has generated great interest in glial biology. Because of its relative simplicity and the many molecular genetic tools available, Drosophila is an excellent model organism for studying glial development. This review will outline the roles of glia and their interactions with neurons in the embryonic nervous system of the fly.Key words: glia, axon guidance, migration, EGF receptor.

Genetic analysis of vein function in the Drosophila embryonic nervous system

Genome ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley R Lanoue ◽  
Michael D Gordon ◽  
Robin Battye ◽  
J Roger Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Egf Receptor ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Egfr Signaling ◽  
Embryonic Nervous System

The Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) may be activated by two ligands expressed in the embryonic nervous system, Spitz and Vein. Previous studies have established Spitz as an essential activator of EGFR signaling in nervous system development. Here, we report the pattern of expression of vein mRNA in the nervous system and characterize the contribution of vein to cell lineage and axonogenesis. The number of midline glia (MG) precursors is reduced in vein mutants before the onset of embryonic apoptosis. In contrast to spitz, mis-expression of vein does not suppress apoptosis in the MG. These data indicate that early midline EGFR signaling, requiring vein and spitz, establishes MG precursor number, whereas later EGFR signals, requiring spitz, suppress apoptosis in the MG. vein mutants show early irregularities during axon tract establishment, which resolve later to variable defasciculation and thinner intersegmental axon tracts. vein and spitz phenotypes act additively in the regulation of MG cell number, but show synergism in a midline neuronal cell number phenotype and in axon tract architecture. vein appears to act downstream of spitz to briefly amplify local EGFR activation.Key words: Drosophila, vein, midline, axonogenesis, EGF receptor, lineage, neuregulin, spitz, CNS.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review: Sphingolipid Metabolism and Implications of Disruption in Sphingolipid Homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5793
Author(s):  
Brianna M. Quinville ◽  
Natalie M. Deschenes ◽  
Alex E. Ryckman ◽  
Jagdeep S. Walia
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
System Development ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Sphingolipid Metabolism ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Bioactive Lipids ◽  
Comprehensive Review

Sphingolipids are a specialized group of lipids essential to the composition of the plasma membrane of many cell types; however, they are primarily localized within the nervous system. The amphipathic properties of sphingolipids enable their participation in a variety of intricate metabolic pathways. Sphingoid bases are the building blocks for all sphingolipid derivatives, comprising a complex class of lipids. The biosynthesis and catabolism of these lipids play an integral role in small- and large-scale body functions, including participation in membrane domains and signalling; cell proliferation, death, migration, and invasiveness; inflammation; and central nervous system development. Recently, sphingolipids have become the focus of several fields of research in the medical and biological sciences, as these bioactive lipids have been identified as potent signalling and messenger molecules. Sphingolipids are now being exploited as therapeutic targets for several pathologies. Here we present a comprehensive review of the structure and metabolism of sphingolipids and their many functional roles within the cell. In addition, we highlight the role of sphingolipids in several pathologies, including inflammatory disease, cystic fibrosis, cancer, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, and lysosomal storage disorders.

Spalt modifies EGFR-mediated induction of chordotonal precursors in the embryonic PNS of Drosophila promoting the development of oenocytes

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.E. Rusten ◽  
R. Cantera ◽  
J. Urban ◽  
G. Technau ◽  
F.C. Kafatos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Migration

Genes of the spalt family encode nuclear zinc finger proteins. In Drosophila melanogaster, they are necessary for the establishment of head/trunk identity, correct tracheal migration and patterning of the wing imaginal disc. Spalt proteins display a predominant pattern of expression in the nervous system, not only in Drosophila but also in species of fish, mouse, frog and human, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved role for these proteins in nervous system development. Here we show that Spalt works as a cell fate switch between two EGFR-induced cell types, the oenocytes and the precursors of the pentascolopodial organ in the embryonic peripheral nervous system. We show that removal of spalt increases the number of scolopodia, as a result of extra secondary recruitment of precursor cells at the expense of the oenocytes. In addition, the absence of spalt causes defects in the normal migration of the pentascolopodial organ. The dual function of spalt in the development of this organ, recruitment of precursors and migration, is reminiscent of its role in tracheal formation and of the role of a spalt homologue, sem-4, in the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system.

scholarly journals RNA interference screen to identify genes required for Drosophila embryonic nervous system development

2007 ◽  
Vol 104 (13) ◽  
pp. 5626-5631 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Koizumi ◽  
H. Higashida ◽  
S. Yoo ◽  
M. S. Islam ◽  
A. I. Ivanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Embryonic Nervous System

Enteric Nervous System: Development and Developmental Disturbances—Part 2

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Newgreen ◽  
Heather M. Young
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Developmental Disturbances ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cells Of Cajal ◽  
Enteric Nervous System Development

This review, which is presented in two parts, summarizes and synthesizes current views on the genetic, molecular, and cell biological underpinnings of the early embryonic phases of enteric nervous system (ENS) formation and its defects. Accurate descriptions of the phenotype of ENS dysplasias, and knowledge of genes which, when mutated, give rise to the disorders (see Part 1 in the previous issue of this journal), are not sufficient to give a real understanding of how these abnormalities arise. The often indirect link between genotype and phenotype must be sought in the early embryonic development of the ENS. Therefore, in this, the second part, we provide a description of the development of the ENS, concentrating mainly on the origin of the ENS precursor cells and on the cell migration by which they become distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This section also includes experimental evidence on the controls of ENS formation derived from classic embryological, cell culture, and molecular genetic approaches. In addition, for reasons of completeness, we also briefly describe the origins of the interstitial cells of Cajal, a cell population closely related anatomically and functionally to the ENS. Finally, a brief sketch is presented of current notions on the developmental processes between the genes and the morphogenesis of the ENS, and of the means by which the known genetic abnormalities might result in the ENS phenotype observed in Hirschsprung's disease.

scholarly journals Differing strategies used by motor neurons and glia to achieve robust development of an adult neuropil in Drosophila

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Enriquez ◽  
Laura Quintana Rio ◽  
Richard Blazeski ◽  
Carol Mason ◽  
Richard S. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Factor Code ◽  
Individual Motor

SummaryIn both vertebrates and invertebrates, neurons and glia are generated in a stereotyped order from dedicated progenitors called neural stem cells, but the purpose of invariant lineages is not understood. Here we show that three of the stem cells that produce leg motor neurons in Drosophila also generate a specialized subset of glia, the neuropil glia, which wrap and send processes into the neuropil where motor neuron dendrites arborize. The development of the neuropil glia and leg motor neurons is highly coordinated. However, although individual motor neurons have a stereotyped birth order and transcription factor code, both the number and individual morphologies of the glia born from these lineages are highly plastic, even though the final structure they contribute to is highly stereotyped. We suggest that the shared lineages of these two cell types facilitates the assembly of complex neural circuits, and that the two different birth order strategies – hardwired for motor neurons and flexible for glia – are important for robust nervous system development and homeostasis.

scholarly journals Single-Cell Multiomic Approaches Reveal Diverse Labeling of the Nervous System by Common Cre-Drivers

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Keuls ◽  
Ronald J. Parchem
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Cranial Neural Crest ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Neural Crest Development

Neural crest development involves a series of dynamic, carefully coordinated events that result in human disease when not properly orchestrated. Cranial neural crest cells acquire unique multipotent developmental potential upon specification to generate a broad variety of cell types. Studies of early mammalian neural crest and nervous system development often use the Cre-loxP system to lineage trace and mark cells for further investigation. Here, we carefully profile the activity of two common neural crest Cre-drivers at the end of neurulation in mice. RNA sequencing of labeled cells at E9.5 reveals that Wnt1-Cre2 marks cells with neuronal characteristics consistent with neuroepithelial expression, whereas Sox10-Cre predominantly labels the migratory neural crest. We used single-cell mRNA and single-cell ATAC sequencing to profile the expression of Wnt1 and Sox10 and identify transcription factors that may regulate the expression of Wnt1-Cre2 in the neuroepithelium and Sox10-Cre in the migratory neural crest. Our data identify cellular heterogeneity during cranial neural crest development and identify specific populations labeled by two Cre-drivers in the developing nervous system.

scholarly journals Cbln1 regulates axon growth and guidance in multiple neural regions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Jian Ji ◽  
Peng Han ◽  
Yuanchu She ◽  
Zhuoxuan Yang ◽  
Mengru Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Axon Guidance ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
System Development ◽  
Axon Growth ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Commissural Neurons ◽  
Guidance Cues ◽  
Guidance Cue

The accurate construction of neural circuits requires the precise control of axon growth and guidance, which is regulated by multiple growth and guidance cues during early nervous system development. It is generally thought that the growth and guidance cues that control the major steps of axon guidance have been defined. Here, we describe cerebellin-1 (Cbln1) as a novel cue that controls diverse aspects of axon growth and guidance throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Cbln1 has previously been shown to function in late neural development to influence synapse organization. Here we find that Cbln1 has an essential role in early neural development. Cbln1 is expressed on the axons and growth cones of developing commissural neurons and functions in an autocrine manner to promote axon growth. Cbln1 is also expressed in intermediate target tissues and functions as an attractive guidance cue. We find that these functions of Cbln1 are mediated by neurexin-2 (Nrxn2), which functions as the Cbln1 receptor for axon growth and guidance. In addition to the developing spinal cord, we further show that Cbln1 functions in diverse parts of the CNS with major roles in cerebellar parallel fiber growth and retinal ganglion cell axon guidance. Despite the prevailing role of Cbln1 as a synaptic organizer, our study discovers a new and unexpected function for Cbln1 as a general axon growth and guidance cue throughout the nervous system.

Role of leukemia inhibitory factor in the nervous system and its pathology

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Ostasov ◽  
Zbynek Houdek ◽  
Jan Cendelin ◽  
Milena Kralickova
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
And Function

AbstractLeukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multifunction cytokine that has various effects on different tissues and cell types in rodents and humans; however, its insufficiency has a relatively mild impact. This could explain why only some aspects of LIF activity are in the limelight, whereas other aspects are not well known. In this review, the LIF structure, signaling pathway, and primary roles in the development and function of an organism are reviewed, and the effects of LIF on stem cell growth and differentiation, which are important for its use in cell culturing, are described. The focus is on the roles of LIF in central nervous system development and on the modulation of its physiological functions as well as the involvement of LIF in the pathogenesis of brain diseases and injuries. Finally, LIF and its signaling pathway are discussed as potential targets of therapeutic interventions to influence both negative phenomena and regenerative processes following brain injury.

scholarly journals Noninvasive harmonics optical microscopy for long-term observation of embryonic nervous system development in vivo

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 054022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szu-Yu Chen ◽  
Cho-Shuen Hsieh ◽  
Shi-Wei Chu ◽  
Cheng-Yung Lin ◽  
Ching-Yi Ko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Embryonic Nervous System ◽  
Long Term Observation
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