Characterization of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthetic pathway in an epiphytic strain of Erwinia herbicola and IAA production in vitro

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 586-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Brandi ◽  
E. M. Clark ◽  
S. E. Lindow
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Enzyme Assays ◽  
Erwinia Herbicola ◽  
Iaa Production ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Culture Supernatants ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

An epiphytic strain of Erwinia herbicola (strain 299R) synthesized indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from indole-3-pyruvic acid and indole-3-acetaldehyde, but not from indole-3-acetamide and other intermediates of various IAA biosynthetic pathways in enzyme assays. TLC, HPLC, and GC–MS analyses revealed the presence of indole-3-pyruvic acid, indole-3-ethanol, and IAA in culture supernatants of strain 299R. Indole-3-acetaldehyde was detected in enzyme assays. Furthermore, strain 299R genomic DNA shared no homology with the iaaM and iaaH genes from Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi, even in Southern hybridizations performed under low-stringency conditions. These observations strongly suggest that unlike gall-forming bacteria which can synthesize IAA by indole-3-acetamide, the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway is the primary route for IAA biosynthesis in this plant-associated strain. IAA synthesis in tryptophan-supplemented cultures of strain 299R was over 10-fold higher under nitrogen-limiting conditions, indicating a possible role for IAA production by bacterial epiphytes in the acquisition of nutrients during growth in their natural habitat.Key words: indole-3-acetic acid, Erwinia, tryptophan, indole-3-pyruvic acid, nitrogen.

scholarly journals Environmental Signals Modulate the Expression of an Indole-3-Acetic Acid Biosynthetic Gene in Erwinia herbicola

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria T. Brandl ◽  
Steven E. Lindow
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene ◽  
Erwinia Herbicola ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

The ipdC gene of Erwinia herbicola strain 299R encodes an indolepyruvate decarboxylase involved in the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Transcriptional fusions of ipdC to an ice nucleation reporter gene (inaZ) were used to study the expression of ipdC in vitro and in situ on plants. ipdC was expressed only at low levels in liquid media and independently of factors such as richness of the medium, pH, nitrogen availability, the presence of l-tryptophan or oxygen, and growth phase of the culture. However, the transcriptional activity of ipdC increased approximately 18-fold under low solute and matric potentials in culture. ipdC was also induced 32-fold on leaves of bean and tobacco and 1,000-fold on pear flowers. This is the first report of the plant-inducible transcription of a bacterial IAA biosynthetic gene. It strongly supports the role of ipdC, and thus that of the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway, in IAA biosynthesis by strain 299R in situ. The plant induction and apparent regulation of ipdC by low water availability indicate that this gene, and presumably IAA synthesis, are involved in a response to conditions encountered by E. herbicola in its natural habitat on leaves.

scholarly journals Contribution of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Production to the Epiphytic Fitness of Erwinia herbicola

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 3256-3263 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Brandl ◽  
S. E. Lindow
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Parental Strain ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Deficient Mutant ◽  
Erwinia Herbicola ◽  
Iaa Production ◽  
Root Bioassay ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

ABSTRACT Erwinia herbicola 299R produces large quantities of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in culture media supplemented withl-tryptophan. To assess the contribution of IAA production to epiphytic fitness, the population dynamics of the wild-type strain and an IAA-deficient mutant of this strain on leaves were studied. Strain 299XYLE, an isogenic IAA-deficient mutant of strain 299R, was constructed by insertional interruption of the indolepyruvate decarboxylase gene of strain 299R with the xylE gene, which encodes a 2,3-catechol dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putidamt-2. The xylE gene provided a useful marker for monitoring populations of the IAA-deficient mutant strain in mixed populations with the parental strain in ecological studies. A root bioassay for IAA, in which strain 299XYLE inhibited significantly less root elongation than strain 299R, provided evidence that E. herbicola produces IAA on plant surfaces in amounts sufficient to affect the physiology of its host and that IAA production in strain 299R is not solely an in vitro phenomenon. The epiphytic fitness of strains 299R and 299XYLE was evaluated in greenhouse and field studies by analysis of changes in the ratio of the population sizes of these two strains after inoculation as mixtures onto plants. Populations of the parental strain increased to approximately twice those of the IAA-deficient mutant strain after coinoculation in a proportion of 1:1 onto bean plants in the greenhouse and onto pear flowers in field studies. In all experiments, the ratio of the population sizes of strain 299R and 299XYLE increased during periods of active growth on plant tissue but not when population sizes were not increasing with time.

scholarly journals Tryptophan Regulates Thaxtomin A and Indole-3-Acetic Acid Production in Streptomyces scabiei and Modifies Its Interactions with Radish Seedlings

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. 1045-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geneviève S. Legault ◽  
Sylvain Lerat ◽  
Philippe Nicolas ◽  
Carole Beaulieu
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Acetic Acid Production ◽  
Thaxtomin A ◽  
Iaa Production ◽  
Streptomyces Scabiei ◽  
Radish Seedlings ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

The virulence of Streptomyces scabiei, the causal agent of common scab, depends mainly on the production of the toxin thaxtomin A. S. scabiei also produces indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) but the role of this hormone in the interaction between pathogenic streptomycetes and plants has not yet been elucidated. Tryptophan is a biosynthetic precursor of both IAA and thaxtomin A. In this study, the effect of tryptophan on thaxtomin A and IAA production as well as its effect on the transcription of the corresponding biosynthetic genes in S. scabiei has been analyzed. In vitro IAA production depended on the availability of tryptophan. However, addition of this amino acid to the culture medium inhibited the biosynthesis of thaxtomin A. Expression of thaxtomin A biosynthetic genes nos and txtA were strongly repressed in the presence of tryptophan; however, modulation of the expression was not observed for the IAA biosynthetic genes iaaM and iaaH. The effects of an exogenous tryptophan supply on S. scabiei virulence were assessed on radish seedlings. Addition of tryptophan reduced symptoms on inoculated radish roots compared with seedlings grown in the absence of the bacterium, by way of inhibition of thaxtomin A production and increase of IAA biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Flavonoids, NodD1, NodD2, and Nod-Box NB15 Modulate Expression of the y4wEFG Locus That Is Required for Indole-3-Acetic Acid Synthesis in Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1153-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mart Theunis ◽  
Hajime Kobayashi ◽  
William J. Broughton ◽  
Els Prinsen
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Multicopy Plasmid ◽  
Iaa Production ◽  
Tephrosia Vogelii ◽  
Culture Supernatants ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Rhizobium Sp

Flavonoids secreted by host plants activate, in conjunction with the transcriptional activator NodD, nod gene expression of rhizobia resulting in the synthesis of Nod factors, which trigger nodule organogenesis. Interestingly, addition of inducing flavonoids also stimulates the production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in several rhizobia. Here, the molecular basis of IAA synthesis in Rhizobium sp. NGR234 was investigated. Mass spectrometric analysis of culture supernatants indicated that NGR234 is capable of synthesizing IAA via three different pathways. The production of IAA is increased strongly by exposure of NGR234 to daidzein in a NodD1-, NodD2-, and SyrM2-dependent manner. This suggests that the y4wEFG locus that is downstream of nod-box NB15 encodes proteins involved in IAA synthesis. Knockout mutations in y4wE and y4wF abolished flavonoid-inducible IAA synthesis and a functional y4wF was required for constitutive IAA production. The promoter activity of NB15 and IAA production both were enhanced by introduction of a multicopy plasmid carrying nodD2 into NGR234. Surprisingly, the y4wE mutant still nodulated Vigna unguiculata and Tephrosia vogelii, although the nodules contained less IAA and IAA conjugates than those formed by the wild-type bacterium.

Effect of some culture conditions on the production of indole-3-acetic acid and a gibberellin-like substance by Azotobacter vinelandii

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 1325-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lee ◽  
C. Breckenridge ◽  
R. Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Azotobacter Vinelandii ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Iaa Production ◽  
Solvent Systems ◽  
Culture Supernatants ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extracts

Ethyl acetate extracts of concentrated culture supernatants were studied using thin-layer and paper chromatography in four solvent systems and Avena, Lactuca, and Hordeum bioassays. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was synthesized between 3 and 6 days of incubation and remained maximal at 8 × 10−8 M from 7 to 40 days. A possible precursor, tentatively identified as 3-indoleacetamide (IAM), was present during the early period of IAA production. Relatively more IAA was produced in shaking than in stationary culture and in nitrogen-free than in ammonium-containing medium.A gibberellin-like substance which had some similarity to GA3 was detected but could not be reproducibly demonstrated. It occurred in 18- and 40-day-old cultures at a concentration of 3 × 10−3 μg GA3-equivalent/ml but was never seen in cultures of 12 days or less.

scholarly journals Auxin Production Is a Common Feature of Most Pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Glickmann ◽  
Louis Gardan ◽  
Sylvie Jacquet ◽  
Shafik Hussain ◽  
Miena Elasri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Iaa Production ◽  
Auxin Production ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

We investigated indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production by 57 pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae and related species. Most of those analyzed produced IAA, especially in the presence of tryptophan. Eight strains produced high IAA concentrations in the absence of Trp. The iaaM and iaaH genes of P. savastanoi pv. savastanoi were detected in a limited number of strains only, including the eight above-mentioned strains. Thus, IAA synthesis in most assayed strains of P. syringae and related species does not involve genes highly similar to iaaM and iaaH. In contrast, the iaaL gene encoding an IAA-lysine synthase was detected in most pathovars, and was often found on plasmids.

scholarly journals Characterization and synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid in plant growth promoting Enterobacter sp.

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (50) ◽  
pp. 31601-31607
Author(s):  
Bi-Xian Zhang ◽  
Pei-Shan Li ◽  
Ying-Ying Wang ◽  
Jia-Jun Wang ◽  
Xiu-Lin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Iaa Biosynthesis

The strains have remarkable IAA-producing capabilities. Genomic analysis and intermediate assay indicated the involvement of the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway of IAA biosynthesis. These microbes significantly promoted the growth of maize.

scholarly journals Volatile 1-octanol of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) fuels cell division and indole-3-acetic acid production in phylloplane isolate Pseudomonas sp. NEEL19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Poovarasan Neelakandan ◽  
Chiu-Chung Young ◽  
Asif Hameed ◽  
Yu-Ning Wang ◽  
Kui-Nuo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Acetic Acid Production ◽  
Iaa Production ◽  
Solvent Tolerant ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

AbstractTea leaves possess numerous volatile organic compounds (VOC) that contribute to tea’s characteristic aroma. Some components of tea VOC were known to exhibit antimicrobial activity; however, their impact on bacteria remains elusive. Here, we showed that the VOC of fresh aqueous tea leaf extract, recovered through hydrodistillation, promoted cell division and tryptophan-dependent indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production in Pseudomonas sp. NEEL19, a solvent-tolerant isolate of the tea phylloplane. 1-octanol was identified as one of the responsible volatiles stimulating cell division, metabolic change, swimming motility, putative pili/nanowire formation and IAA production, through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, microscopy and partition petri dish culture analyses. The bacterial metabolic responses including IAA production increased under 1-octanol vapor in a dose-dependent manner, whereas direct-contact in liquid culture failed to elicit such response. Thus, volatile 1-octanol emitting from tea leaves is a potential modulator of cell division, colonization and phytohormone production in NEEL19, possibly influencing the tea aroma.

scholarly journals The ectopic expression of Arabidopsis glucosyltransferase UGT74D1 affects leaf positioning through modulating indole-3-acetic acid homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanghui Jin ◽  
Bingkai Hou ◽  
Guizhi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Kinase Substrate ◽  
Auxin Distribution ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Photosynthesis Efficiency ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

AbstractLeaf angle is an important agronomic trait affecting photosynthesis efficiency and crop yield. Although the mechanisms involved in the leaf angle control are intensively studied in monocots, factors contribute to the leaf angle in dicots are largely unknown. In this article, we explored the physiological roles of an Arabidopsis glucosyltransferase, UGT74D1, which have been proved to be indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) glucosyltransferase in vitro. We found that UGT74D1 possessed the enzymatic activity toward IAA glucosylation in vivo and its expression was induced by auxins. The ectopically expressed UGT74D1 obviously reduced the leaf angle with an altered IAA level, auxin distribution and cell size in leaf tissues. The expression of several key genes involved in the leaf shaping and leaf positioning, including PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE (PKS) genes and TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, and PCF (TCP) genes, were dramatically changed by ectopic expression of UGT74D1. In addition, clear transcription changes of YUCCA genes and other auxin related genes can be observed in overexpression lines. Taken together, our data indicate that glucosyltransferase UGT74D1 could affect leaf positioning through modulating auxin homeostasis and regulating transcription of PKS and TCP genes, suggesting a potential new role of UGT74D1 in regulation of leaf angle in dicot Arabidopsis.

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