Characterization of major secondary metabolites produced in soilless mix by a formulated strain of the biocontrol fungus Gliocladium virens

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1274-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Lumsden ◽  
C. J. Ridout ◽  
M. E. Vendemia ◽  
D. J. Harrison ◽  
R. M. Waters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Potting Medium ◽  
Gliocladium Virens ◽  
Individual Bands ◽  
Layer Chromatography

A strain of Gliocladium virens (GL-21 = G-20) formulated in alginate prill was grown for 3 days in a commercial soilless potting medium. Chloroform extractions were separated by thin-layer chromatography and individual bands from G-20 cultures in soilless medium were identified by standards, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance as (i) a mixture of fatty acids, (ii) viridin, (iii) gliotoxin, (iv) dimethylgliotoxin, (v) viridiol, and (vi) a mixture of phenolics including ferulic acid. None of these compounds was detected in the medium not amended with prills of isolate G-20 of G. virens. Other isolates of G. virens, including G-3 and G-9, produced gliovirin and did not produce gliotoxin. Of all the metabolites produced by G-20 in soilless medium, only gliotoxin strongly inhibited germination of sporangia and growth of Pythium ultimum (growth prevention at 1.0 μg/mL), growth of Rhizoctonia solani mycelium (0.5 μg/mL), or germination of sclerotia and growth of Sclerotium rolfsii (50 μg/mL). Viridin was more inhibitory to growth of R. solani (1.0 μg/mL, minimum inhibitory concentration) than to P. ultimum (25 μg/mL) or S. rolfsii (50 μg/mL). Growth of G. virens isolate G-20 was inhibited by 25 μg/mL of viridin but not by 100 μg/mL gliotoxin. In contrast, growth of isolate G-3 was inhibited by 50 μg/mL gliotoxin but not by 100 μg/mL of viridin. Dimethylgliotoxin, fatty acids, and phenolics were not inhibitory to any of the fungi tested. These results suggest that gliotoxin is the major antibiotic metabolite inhibitory to Pythium and Rhizoctonia of this formulated strain of G. virens. This information will be useful for monitoring metabolite production by G. virens, determining optimum gliotoxin production in situ, and improving strain performance for biocontrol of plant pathogens. Key words: antibiotic, biological control, antagonist.

Purification and characterization of C28–55 fatty acids from Mycobacterium smegmatis

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraja Sathyamoorthy ◽  
Nilofer Qureshi ◽  
Kuni Takayama
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mycobacterium Smegmatis ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mycolic Acid ◽  
Argentation Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Mycolic Acids ◽  
Electron Impact Mass ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Impact Mass

The nonmycolic C16 to C55 fatty acids obtained from Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 356 by saponification were enriched with respect to the C28 to C55 acids by successive chromatography on silicic acid and Sephadex LH-20 columns. These partially purified fatty acids were then derivatized to the p-bromophenacyl ester and further fractionated by argentation thin-layer chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography into their individual components.The esters were characterized by electron impact mass spectrometry. Two structural series of C28:1 to C42:1 and C45:2 to C55:2 fatty acids were identified as possible precursors of the monoenyl and dienyl mycolic acids, respectively. These acids were structurally related to the α-alkylhydroxyl group of the corresponding mycolic acid. The results suggest that these C28 to C55 fatty acids (meromycolic acids) of M. smegmatis might be precursors of mycolic acids.

Characterization of a Euphorbia lagascae epoxide hydrolase gene that is induced early during germination

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 855-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Edqvist ◽  
I. Farbos
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Epoxide Hydrolase ◽  
Vernolic Acid ◽  
Major Fatty Acid ◽  
Transcription Pattern ◽  
Vicinal Diols ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

In Euphorbia lagascae the major fatty acid in triacylglycerol is the epoxidated fatty acid vernolic acid (cis- 12-epoxyoctadeca-cis-9-enoic acid). The enzymic reactions occurring during the catabolism of epoxidated fatty acids during germination are not known, but it seems likely that the degradation requires the activity of an epoxide hydrolase. Epoxide hydrolases are a group of functionally related enzymes that catalyse the cofactor-independent hydrolysis of epoxides to their corresponding vicinal diols by the addition of a water molecule. Here we report the cloning and characterization of an epoxide hydrolase gene from E. lagascae. The structure of the gene is unusual since it lacks introns. A detailed investigation of the transcription pattern of the epoxide hydrolase gene shows that the gene is induced during germination. We have used in situ hybridization to identify in which tissues the gene is expressed during germination. We speculate that this epoxide hydrolase enzyme is involved in the catabolism of epoxidated fatty acids during germination of E. lagascae seeds.

scholarly journals Extraction and Characterization of Sugarcane Peel Wax

ISRN Agronomy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mangesh B. Inarkar ◽  
S. S. Lele
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Sugarcane peel is an agrowaste product and contains considerable amount of wax. This has a good technoeconomic potential. In view of this, the present study aims at extraction and characterization of wax from sugarcane peel. The yield of crude wax was 0.95% on dry weight basis. During Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) prominent peaks obtained at 2921.73 and 2851.64 (–CH), 1463.44 (–CH2), 1376.96 (–CH3), 1108.4 and 1170.16 (–C–O) 3395.60 (–OH), 1710.25 (–CHO), and 1736.63 (–COOH) indicate presence of alkanes, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids, respectively. Alcohol and hydrocarbon fractions were also found by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Melting point of crude wax was observed to be 62.1°C. Molecular weight of wax was estimated to be 1706 Dalton. Composition of crude wax found using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was alkanes (28.83%), ester (66.26%), fatty acids (4.58%), aldehyde (0.11%), and alcohol (0.22%).

Marine Biosurfactants, II. Production and Characterization of an Anionic Trehalose Tetraester from the Marine Bacterium Arthrobacter sp. EK 1

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 204-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Passeri ◽  
S. Lang ◽  
F. Wagner ◽  
Victor Wray
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Limitation ◽  
Marine Bacterium ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Main Fraction ◽  
Exact Position ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Within a screening for biosurfactants we could isolate various n-alkanes utilizing marine bacteria which were capable of synthesizing glycolipids. One strain was identified as Arthrobacter sp. EK 1 which produced trehalose lipids. After purification by column and thick layer chromatography the main fraction, an anionic 2,3,4,2′-trehalose tetraester, was obtained. The chain lengths of fatty acids ranged from 8 up to 14, furthermore succinate could be detected. Since the place of substitution of succinate has so far not been cited in literature, a definitive structural elucidation was carried out chemically by hydroboration and by 1H, 2 D1H, 13C and 13C - 1H correlation NMR measurements. All investigations confirmed the exact position of succinate at C2 atom of trehalose. After improvement of growth conditions the production of the trehalose tetraester increased up to 4.8 g/1 during a fermentation in a 20 1 bioreactor under nitrogen limitation.

scholarly journals In Vivo Study of Trichoderma-Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Using Constitutive and Inducible Green Fluorescent Protein Reporter Systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 3073-3081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zexun Lu ◽  
Riccardo Tombolini ◽  
Sheridan Woo ◽  
Susanne Zeilinger ◽  
Matteo Lorito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽  
Green Fluorescent

ABSTRACT Plant tissue colonization by Trichoderma atroviride plays a critical role in the reduction of diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi, but this process has not been thoroughly studied in situ. We monitored in situ interactions between gfp-tagged biocontrol strains of T. atroviride and soilborne plant pathogens that were grown in cocultures and on cucumber seeds by confocal scanning laser microscopy and fluorescence stereomicroscopy. Spores of T. atroviride adhered to Pythium ultimum mycelia in coculture experiments. In mycoparasitic interactions of T. atroviride with P. ultimum or Rhizoctonia solani, the mycoparasitic hyphae grew alongside the pathogen mycelia, and this was followed by coiling and formation of specialized structures similar to hooks, appressoria, and papillae. The morphological changes observed depended on the pathogen tested. Branching of T. atroviride mycelium appeared to be an active response to the presence of the pathogenic host. Mycoparasitism of P. ultimum by T. atroviride occurred on cucumber seed surfaces while the seeds were germinating. The interaction of these fungi on the cucumber seeds was similar to the interaction observed in coculture experiments. Green fluorescent protein expression under the control of host-inducible promoters was also studied. The induction of specific Trichoderma genes was monitored visually in cocultures, on plant surfaces, and in soil in the presence of colloidal chitin or Rhizoctonia by confocal microscopy and fluorescence stereomicroscopy. These tools allowed initiation of the mycoparasitic gene expression cascade to be monitored in vivo.

scholarly journals Gas Chromatography Coupled to High Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry as a High-Throughput Tool for Characterizing Geochemical Biomarkers in Sediments

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hector Henrique Ferreira Koolen ◽  
Clécio Fernando Klitzke ◽  
Joe Binkley ◽  
Jeffrey Patrick ◽  
Ana Cecília Rizatti de Albergaria-Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Resolution Time ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
In Situ Derivatization

The performance of gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTofMS) for characterizing geochemical biomarkers from sediment samples was evaluated. Two approaches to obtain the geochemical biomarkers were tested: (1) extraction with organic solvent and subsequent derivatization and (2) in-situ derivatization thermal desorption. Results demonstrated that both approaches can be conveniently applied for simultaneous characterization of many geochemical biomarkers (alkanes, alkanols, sterols, and fatty acids), avoiding conventional time-consuming purification procedures. GC-HRTofMS reduces both sample preparation time and the number of chromatographic runs compared to traditional methodologies used in organic geochemistry. Particularly, the approach based on in-situ derivatization thermal desorption represents a very simple method that can be performed in-line employing few milligrams of sediment, eliminating the need for any sample preparation and solvent use. The high resolving power (m/Δm50% 25,000) and high mass accuracy (error ≤ 1 ppm) offered by the “zig-zag” time-of-flight analyzer were indispensable to resolve the complexity of the total ion chromatograms, representing a high-throughput tool. Extracted ion chromatograms using exact m/z were useful to eliminate many isobaric interferences and to increase significantly the signal to noise ratio. Characteristic fragment ions allowed the identification of homologous series, such as alkanes, alkanols, fatty acids, and sterols. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also identified in the samples by their molecular ions. The characterization of geochemical biomarkers along a sedimentary core collected in the area of Valo Grande Channel (Cananéia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagunar System (São Paulo, Brazil)) provided evidences of environmental changes. Sediments deposited before opening of channel showed dominance of biomarkers from mangrove vegetation, whereas sediments of the pos-opening period showed an increase of biomarkers from aquatic macrophyte (an invasive vegetation).

Characterization of Pollen Carotenoids with in situ and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Supported Resonant Raman Spectroscopy

2009 ◽  
Vol 81 (20) ◽  
pp. 8426-8433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Schulte ◽  
Jens Mäder ◽  
Lothar W. Kroh ◽  
Ulrich Panne ◽  
Janina Kneipp
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Resonant Raman ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Synthesis and Characterization of New Bolaform Surfactant from Palm Oil Derivative

2011 ◽  
Vol 364 ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Goh ◽  
S.Y. Chin ◽  
L.M.S. Lee ◽  
Mohd Ambar Yarmo ◽  
N.I. Nik Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Octadecanoic Acid ◽  
Layer Chromatography

In this research, new chemistry is explored through a simple, efficient and cheap method to synthesize new surfactants from palm oil fatty acids. Oleic acid, which is one of the major fatty acids in palm oil, has been used as a starting material for the synthesis of surfactants. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of bolaform surfactants from oleic acid. For this purpose, two steps reaction will be carried out: Firstly, consisted of hydrobromination of oleic acid followed by reaction of 10-bromo-octadecanoic acid with ethane-1,2-dithiol and butane-1,2-dithiol. During the first stage of the reaction, hydrobromination of oleic acid was carried out by adding hydrobromic acid into the oleic acid. The reaction was carried out in benzene as solvent at 30°C and atmospheric pressure. This reaction gives 73% yield of 10-bromo-octadecanoic acid and it yield a black brownish liquid which have the m/z 363.2056 by ESI-MS(ToF) and –CH2-CHBr-CH2-shift (4.02 ppm) was well defined in1H-NMR. The separation of 10-bromo-octadecanoic acid was done through thin layer chromatography (TLC) with chloroform and methanol as the eluent and silica plate grade 60 F254as the stationary phase. The second stage of reaction was reacting the 10-bromo-octadecanoic acid with ethane-1,2-dithiol and butane-1,2-dithiol in THF as the solvent and 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU) as the catalyst respectively. These reactions were carried out at 30°C and atmospheric pressure. Product obtained was a two layers black brownish liquid with white colour precipitate gives m/z: 659.4813 for ethane-1,2-dithiol and m/z:686.5278 for butane-1,4-dithiol respectively using ESI-MS (ToF) mass spectroscopy. Separation was done on both bolaform surfactants through thin layer chromatography (TLC) with hexane and ethyl acetate as eluent and silica plate grade 60 F254as stationary phase, and finally followed by column chromatography. These two new surfactants will be tested for their physical-chemical properties as well as apply on nanomaterial stabilizer.

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