Ethylene production by ectomycorrhizal fungi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pini, and by aseptically synthesized ectomycorrhizae and Fusarium-infected Douglas-fir roots

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1340-1347 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Graham ◽  
R. G. Linderman
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Host Interactions

The ectomycorrhizal fungi Cenococcum geophilum, Hebeloma crustuliniforme, and Laccaria laccata produced ethylene in vitro in modified Melin–Norkrans liquid medium only if amended with 2.5–10 mM methionine; Pisolilhus tinctorius failed to produce ethylene unless the cultures were renewed with fresh methionine-amended medium before ethylene assay. An additional 19 ectomycorrhizal fungi, plus five isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pini, all produced ethylene in renewed and (or) nonrenewed media. Although the rates varied, ethylene production by many ectomycorrhizal fungi equaled that of Fusarium.Culture filtrates of H, crustuliniforme and L. laccata also evolved ethylene that was apparently of nonenzymatic origin.Ethylene was produced by aseptically grown Douglas-fir seedlings inoculated with C. geophilum, H. crustuliniforme, and L. laccata and appearance of ethylene coincided with the formation of mycorrhizae; production by P. tinctorius inoculated seedlings was inconsistent. Lateral root formation of Douglas-fir was stimulated by inoculation with C. geophilum, H. crustuliniforme, and L. laccata but was inhibited by P. tinctorius. Fusarium-inoculated seedlings produced more ethylene sooner than seedlings inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi. The disparity in the levels of ethylene associated with ectomycorrhiza formation compared with Fusarium infection suggests a possible differential role for ethylene in symbiotic and pathogenic fungus–host interactions.

scholarly journals Rhizogenesis in in vitro shoot cultures of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) is affected by ethylene precursor and by inhibitors

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Marota ◽  
W. C. Otoni ◽  
M. Carnelossi ◽  
E. Silva ◽  
A. A. Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Shoot Cultures ◽  
Ethylene Inhibitors ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Ethylene Precursor

The effects of the ethylene precursor ACC and two inhibitors, AgNO3 and AVG, on root formation were tested in in vitro shoots of passion fruit (Passiflora Midis f.flavicalpa Deg.). The organogenic response was assessed on the basis of percentage of shoot-forming. roots, root number and length. The time course of ethylene production was also monitored. ACC inhibited root formation by delaying root emergence and increasine, callus formation at the basis of the shoots. In addition, ACC caused a marked increase in ethylene production, coupled to leaf chlorosis and senescence with lower rooting frequencies, number and length of roots. IAA supplementation increased ethylene production. Both ethylene inhibitors, AgNO3 and AVG, at appropriate concentrations reduced callus formation at the basis of shoots. AVG increased the number of roots per shoot, but drastically reduced length of differentiated roots. Regarding to leaf pigments, ACC promoted a marked reduction on carotenoids and total chlorophyll, whereas AVG and AgNO3 delayed explant senescence and pigments degradation, not differing from IAA supplemented and non-supplemented control treatments. The results confirm previous reports on the beneficial effects of ethylene inhibitors on in vitro rooting and suggest its reliability to be used as an alternative approach to evaluate sensitivity of Passiflora species to ethylene.  

scholarly journals UJI DAYAHAMBAT EUGENOL DARI DAUN CENGKEH HASIL FRAKSINASI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN JAMUR PATOGEN Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Cubense Eugenol Inhibitory Test From Clove Leaf Fractionation Of Fungal Patogen Growth Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense

AgriPeat ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (02) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Admin Journal
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Vacuum Distillation ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Vitro Test

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the inhibition of eugenol derived from fractionation clove leaf essentialoils (CLEO) on the growth of pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) and LC50(Lethal Concentration 50). This research was in vitro, started with purification of clove leaf essentialoil, fractionation by vacuum distillation and bioassay. In vitro tests include exploration of minimuminhibition and preventability tests. Data were analyzed with Microsoft Excel 2010 program. Theresults of minimum inhibition showed at 218,75 ppm concentration of each level was able to inhibitthe growth of Foc fungi. The minimum inhibition exploration was carried out at 218,75 ppm, 109,38ppm, 54,69 ppm and 27,34 ppm. Exploration results showed that fractionated CLEO has been able toinhibit the growth of Foc fungi at 27,34 ppm in the amount of 15,60%. This concentration is used asthe lowest concentration in the inhibitory test. Furthermore, the inhibitory test was carried out startingat the highest concentration of 218,75 ppm, 109,38 ppm, 54,69 ppm and 27,34 ppm. Observationswere made for 7 days after inoculation (DAI). The results showed the best inhibition was at aconcentration of 218,75 ppm at 90,70% and LC50 at 11.17 µL.Keywords: CLEO, fractionation, Foc, in vitro test and LC50

scholarly journals The Role of Saccharides in the Mechanisms of Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini in Yellow Lupine (Lupinus luteus L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 7258
Author(s):  
Magda Formela-Luboińska ◽  
Dorota Remlein-Starosta ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽  
Zbigniew Karolewski ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Lupinus Luteus ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Embryo Axes ◽  
Yellow Lupine ◽  
Sugar Levels

The primary aim of this study was to determine the relationship between soluble sugar levels (sucrose, glucose, or fructose) in yellow lupine embryo axes and the pathogenicity of the hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Schlecht lupini. The first step of this study was to determine the effect of exogenous saccharides on the growth and sporulation of F. oxysporum. The second one focused on estimating the levels of ergosterol as a fungal growth indicator in infected embryo axes cultured in vitro on sugar containing-medium or without it. The third aim of this study was to record the levels of the mycotoxin moniliformin as the most characteristic secondary metabolite of F. oxysporum in the infected embryo axes with the high sugar medium and without it. Additionally, morphometric measurements, i.e., the length and fresh weight of embryo axes, were done. The levels of ergosterol were the highest in infected embryo axes with a sugar deficit. At the same time, significant accumulation of the mycotoxin moniliformin was recorded in those tissues. Furthermore, it was found that the presence of sugars in water agar medium inhibited the sporulation of the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum in relation to the control (sporulation of the pathogen on medium without sugar), the strongest inhibiting effect was observed in the case of glucose. Infection caused by F. oxysporum significantly limited the growth of embryo axes, but this effect was more visible on infected axes cultured under sugar deficiency than on the ones cultured with soluble sugars. The obtained results thus showed that high sugar levels may lead to reduced production of mycotoxins by F. oxysporum, limiting infection development and fusariosis.

scholarly journals Effect of lead and zinc on the growth of some mycorrhizal fungi in vitro

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pachlewski ◽  
E. Chruściak
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Growth Reaction

Growth reaction of five mycorrhizal fungi and pathogenic one in the presence of different Pb and Zn concentration was tested. It was confirmed that mycorrhizal strains were more sensitive to lead than zinc. On the contrary the pathogenic fungus was more sesitive to zinc.

scholarly journals Exploring mycorrhizal fungi in walnut with a focus on physiological roles

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 12363
Author(s):  
Wen-Ya MA ◽  
Qiang-Sheng WU ◽  
Yong-Jie XU ◽  
Kamil KUČA
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Nut Production

Walnuts are an economically important forest tree used for timber and nut production, and the nut of fruits is rich in various nutrients, becoming one of the four important nuts in the world. Walnuts have deep roots, which can be colonized by either ectomycorrhizal fungi or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil. These mycorrhizal fungi form beneficial symbioses in roots of walnut. A large number of ectomycorrhizal fungi have been identified, whilst Boletus edulis, Calvatia uiacina, and Cantharelles cibarius isolated from walnut orchards stimulated plant growth and gave the capacity of stress tolerance in walnut. Moreover, Carya illinoensis is a very good host plant for commercial production of truffles, especially Tuber indicum. In addition, ectomycorrhizal fungi accelerate plant growth and enhance potential stress tolerance of walnuts. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi also showed the improvement of plant growth and nutrient acquisition of walnut, the enhancement of drought tolerance in walnut, nutrient redistribution under walnut interplanting patterns, and the delivery of juglone by mycorrhizal hyphae. A culturable in vitro arbuscular mycorrhizal like fungus Piriformospora indica also enhanced salt tolerance of walnut plants. In this mini-review, the physiological roles of mycorrhizal fungi, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal like fungus (P. indica) on walnut plants are summarized, and future outlooks in the field are proposed.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MYCORRHIZA INOCULATION OF PEPPER SEEDLINGS (Capsicum annuum L.) ON THE GROWTH AND PROTECTION AGAINST Fusarium oxysporum INFECTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-169
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Jamiołkowska ◽  
Władysław Michałek
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Disease Index ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation ◽  
And Control

A study was conducted to investigate the ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in enhancing the growth and control of a root rot caused by different isolates of Fusarium oxysporum in sweet pepper seedlings. The plants were grown in plastic pots filled with sterilized horticultural soils. There were four treatments applied as follows: Fo (seedlings infected with fungus), M (seedlings inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi), Fo + M (seedlings inoculated with mycorrhiza and infected with fungus) and control. A randomized experiment was used and the growth, disease index, and photosynthetic activity of the plants were measured after 4 weeks. The investigations showed that the mycorrhizal inoculation had a protective effect on the F. oxysporum-infected pepper seedlings. The plants were characterized by a higher growth rate and a lower disease index than those growing only in the presence of the pathogenic fungus. The roots inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi were better developed than those infected only with F. oxysporum. The mycorrhiza contributed to an increase in the photosynthetic activity of the pepper seedlings.

Effect of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma hiemale on adventitious root formation in derooted Pinus halepensis shoot hypocotyls

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Gay
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Culture Filtrate ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

The effect of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma hiemale and of its culture filtrate on in vitro rooting of Pinus halepensis derooted shoot hypocotyls was studied in an attempt to determine if ectomycorrhizal fungi could enhance adventitious root formation in gymnosperms. Pinus halepensis hypocotyls did not root in the absence of hormonal treatment, whereas the rooting percentage was 87.3% in the presence of 5 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). In the presence of tryptophan, which is a precursor of IAA, H. hiemale strongly enhanced rooting of hypocotyls cultivated in the absence of any hormonal treatment. In the presence of 0.1 mM tryptophan, the rooting percentage of the inoculated hypocotyls was 96.6%, whereas it was only 7.6% in the absence of the fungus. Hebeloma hiemale culture filtrate obtained in the absence of tryptophan did not contain IAA and did not stimulate rooting of the hypocotyls. In contrast, a culture filtrate obtained in the presence of tryptophan contained IAA; an ethyl acetate extract from this filtrate allowed 100% rooting. Different fractions were isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography from the IAA-containing filtrate and studied for their effect on rooting. It was demonstrated that IAA was responsible for the rhizogenic activity of H. hiemale. These results suggest that ectomycorrhizal fungi which rapidly metabolize exogenously supplied tryptophan to IAA could be a suitable tool to enhance in vitro rooting of micropropagated gymnosperms. Key words: ectomycorrhizal fungus, indole-3-acetic acid, rooting, shoot hypocotyl, Hebeloma hiemale, Pinus halepensis.

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