Studies of the cell envelope of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl F. Deneke ◽  
R. R. Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Phenol Extraction

Components of the cell envelope of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were investigated. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an estuarine microorganism associated with diseases of marine and estuarine animals and seafood-borne enteritis in man. Purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS), isolated using a 45% phenol extraction procedure, was found to contain lipid A fraction to 27% of the LPS by weight. In the lipid A fraction, glucosamine was the only amino sugar to be present and a high molar ratio of phosphate to amino sugar (2.5:1) was noted. Two hydroxy fatty acids, hydroxydodecanoic and hydroxymyristic, were identified among the fatty acids by gas–liquid chromatography. A role of the lipopolysaccharides in the salt requirement of marine bacteria is suggested.

Lipopolysaccharide and proteins of the cell envelope of Vibrio marinus, a marine bacterium

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1211-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl F. Deneke ◽  
R. R. Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Marine Bacterium ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Lipopolysaccharides isolated from the marine bacterium Vibrio marinus strain PS-207 were found to be similar to the lipopolysaccharides of R mutants of enteric organisms, with respect to extraction characteristics, percentage of lipid A (61%), and sugars of the polysaccharide side chain (glucose and heptose). A high ratio (2:1) of phosphate to amino sugar was found in the lipid A. Hydroxy fatty acids constituted only 14% of the total fatty acids of the lipid A fraction, whereas branched and straight-chain fatty acids were present in greater abundance. The major envelope proteins of V. marinus strain PS-207 fell into three molecular weight classes determined by SDS gel electrophoresis. Numerous protein species were observed in urea – acetic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis preparations.

Fats in nutrition

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian L. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Lipid Biochemistry ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
To Receive

Investigation of the relationship of diet to blood lipids and atherosclerosis has dominated the field of lipid nutritional biochemistry for the past 25 years. Although this subject has consumed considerable time, effort, and research funds, it has also proved beneficial to other areas of lipid biochemistry by attracting qualified people to the field and by initiating development of sophisticated methodology and instrumentation required for progress in those areas. The development of capillary gas–liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, together with more extensive computer control and processing of data, should accelerate progress in all areas of lipid biochemistry. In the next 25 years, I expect to see extensive investigation of dietary hydrogenated fats and their constituent isomeric fatty acids. Specificity of deposition in animal tissues, effects on blood lipids and coronary heart disease, and their relationship to polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostaglandins are among the topics likely to receive attention. The prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes will continue to receive attention in the near future, and the role of diet in modulating the concentrations of these compounds in blood and other body tissues is a promising area of active research. The discovery of abnormalities in polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in pathological conditions in man has renewed interest in these dietary components. Association of neurological abnormalities with lack of linolenic acid metabolites should stimulate further investigation of the role of the n-3 series acids in central nervous system function.

scholarly journals Alternative Sigma Factor RpoE Is Important for Vibrio parahaemolyticus Cell Envelope Stress Response and Intestinal Colonization

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (9) ◽  
pp. 3667-3677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandy Haines-Menges ◽  
W. Brian Whitaker ◽  
E. Fidelma Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Response Regulator ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Alternative Sigma Factors ◽  
Envelope Stress

ABSTRACTVibrio parahaemolyticusis a halophile that inhabits brackish waters and a wide range of hosts, including crustaceans, fish, mollusks, and humans. In humans, it is the leading cause of bacterial seafood-borne gastroenteritis. The focus of this work was to determine the role of alternative sigma factors in the stress response ofV. parahaemolyticusRIMD2210633, an O3:K6 pandemic isolate. Bioinformatics identified five putative extracytoplasmic function (ECF) family of alternative sigma factors: VP0055, VP2210, VP2358, VP2578, and VPA1690. ECF factors typically respond to cell wall/cell envelope stress, iron levels, and the oxidation state of the cell. We have demonstrated here that one such sigma factor, VP2578, a homologue of RpoE fromEscherichia coli, is important for survival under a number of cell envelope stress conditions and in gastrointestinal colonization of a streptomycin-treated adult mouse. In this study, we determined that anrpoEdeletion mutant strain BHM2578 compared to the wild type (WT) was significantly more sensitive to polymyxin B, ethanol, and high-temperature stresses. We demonstrated that inin vivocompetition assays between therpoEmutant and the WT marked with the β-galactosidase genelacZ(WBWlacZ), the mutant strain was defective in colonization compared to the WT. In contrast, deletion of therpoSstress response regulator did not affectin vivosurvival. In addition, we examined the role of the outer membrane protein, OmpU, which inV. choleraeis proposed to be the sole activator of RpoE. We found that anompUdeletion mutant was sensitive to bile salt stress but resistant to polymyxin B stress, indicating OmpU is not essential for the cell envelope stress responses or RpoE function. Overall, these data demonstrate that RpoE is a key cell envelope stress response regulator and, similar toE. coli, RpoE may have several factors that stimulate its function.

The chemical composition of cell-wall lipopolysaccharides from Moraxella duplex and Micrococcus calco-aceticus

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams ◽  
C. Quadling ◽  
M. Yaguchi ◽  
T. G. Tornabene
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Sugar Composition ◽  
Cyclopropane Fatty Acids ◽  
Novel Structure ◽  
Backbone Structure ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

Cell wall lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prepared from oxidase-positive Moraxella duplex and from oxidase-negative Micrococcus calco-aceticus (a presumptive moraxella) contained D-glucose, D-galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, lipid A, ethanolamine, fatty acids, phosphate, and protein. The lipid A moieties prepared from the LPS fractions were composed primarily of hexosamines, ethanolamine, fatty acids, and phosphate with minor amounts of the other LPS constituents. The LPS from M. duplex and M. calco-aceticus had the same neutral sugar composition but differed markedly in their hexosamine composition. Galactosamine was the major hexosamine component of M. duplex; also present was an unidentified amino sugar and a small amount of mannosamine. In contrast, glucosamine was the major hexosamine component of M. calco-aceticus with a lesser amount of galactosamine and no mannosamine. The presence of galactosamine as the major component of the lipid A of M. duplex suggests that this fraction has a novel structure which differs from the poly-D-glucosamine 'backbone' structure assigned to lipid A. The fatty acid compositions of the lipid A from the two species were mutually similar and consisted mainly of hydroxylauric, hydroxymyristic, and C17-cyclopropane fatty acids. The LPS fractions of the two organisms studied resemble that of Neisseria catarrhalis and differ from those of the true neisserias.

The chemical constitution of lipid A from Serratia marcescens

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams ◽  
Prem Pal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Optical Rotation ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Linkage Evidence ◽  
Hydrolysis Conditions ◽  
Mild Hydrolysis ◽  
Phosphate Groups

The lipopolysaccharide of Serratia marcescens, under mild hydrolysis conditions (0.25 N H2SO4 for 2.5 h at 100°), yielded a lipid A containing D-glucosamine, fatty acids, acetyl and phosphate groups (approximate molar ratio 3:9:4:2), a small amount of ethanolamine, and a trace of galactosamine. Lipid A on methylation and subsequent hydrolysis yielded 3,4-di-O-methyl-D-glucosamine and 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucosamine identified by gas–liquid chromatography as their glucitol acetates. These sugars were further identified by ninhydrin degradation to yield 2,3-di-O-methyl-L-arabinose and 2,3,5-tri-O-methyl-L-arabinose. From these findings, it was concluded that the D-glucosamine units in the lipid A were linked 1 → 6. A negative optical rotation of the lipid A suggested a β linkage. On the basis of the glycosidic linkage evidence and additional compositional data, a possible structure for the lipid A of S. marcescens is proposed and discussed in detail.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of the Role of Beta-Hydroxy Fatty Acids on Chronic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Soydan ◽  
H. S. Dokmetas ◽  
M. Cetin ◽  
A. Koyuncu ◽  
E. Kaptanoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hydroxy Fatty Acids ◽  
Sterile Inflammation ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

β-hydroxy fatty acids are a major component of lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccaride. We aimed to investigate the role of freeβ-hydroxy fatty acids on inflammation, as well as to evaluate their effects on cytokine release from human blood cells, and whether they exist in plasma of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases with/without insulin resistance. Peripheral venous blood was incubated withβ-hydroxy lauric andβ-hydroxy myristic acids (each 100 ng, 1μg, 10μg/mL) up to 24 hours. Cytokines were measured from culture media and plasma. Free fatty acids and biochemical parameters were also measured from patients' plasma. Onlyβ-hydroxy lauric acid significantly stimulated interleukin-6 production at 10μg/mL compared to control (533.9±218.1versus438.3±219.6pg/mL,P<.05). However, freeβ-hydroxy lauric and myristic acids were not found in patients' plasma. Therefore, freeβ-hydroxy lauric and myristic acids do not seem to have a role on sterile inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases associated with insulin resistance.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi lipopolysaccharide as receptor of a new bacteriophage

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
L. A. Cañas ◽  
M. Santaolalla
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Percentage Decrease ◽  
Contractile Tail ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Mild Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A new bacteriophage was found growing on Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi isolates from knots of diseased Spanish olive trees. The bacteriophage had a contractile tail (type A1 of Bradley's classification: Myoviridae) of 60 × 14 nm and an icosahedral head (diameter, 45 nm) which contains DNA. Lipopolysaccharide from the outer membrane of the host bacteria was found to be the specific receptor for the bacteriophage. Phage inactivation was measured as a percentage decrease in plaque-forming units and by electron microscopy. This lipopolysaccharide showed an ultrastructure and chemical composition very similar to those obtained from other Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Mild hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide with 1% acetic acid liberated the carbohydrate moiety (degraded polysaccharide) from the lipid A. After hydrolysis, monosaccharides and fatty acids were studied by gas–liquid chromatography. The polysaccharide was mainly composed of rhamnose, glucose, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid; the lipid A contained glucosamine, phosphate, and fatty acids, both hydroxylated (3-OH 10:0, 2-OH 12:0, and 3-OH 12:0) and nonhydroxylated (12:0, 16:1, and 16:0).

Biochemical evidence against protein-mediated uptake of myristic acid in the bioluminescent marine bacteriumVibrio harveyi

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 933-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Byers ◽  
Zhiwei Shen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Myristic Acid ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Fatty Acid Transport ◽  
Acid Analogue ◽  
Vectorial Transport

The bioluminescent marine bacterium, Vibrio harveyi, can utilize exogenous myristic acid (14:0) for β-oxidation, phospholipid and lipid A synthesis, and as an source of myristyl aldehyde for light emission in the V. harveyi dark mutant M17. A variety of genetic and biochemical strategies were employed in an attempt to isolate V. harveyi mutants defective in myristate uptake and to characterize proteins involved in this process. Although [3H]myristate uptake in a tritium suicide experiment decreased the survival of nitrosoguanidine-treated M17 cells by a factor of 105, none of the surviving cells characterized were defective in either incorporation of exogenous myristate into phospholipid or stimulation of light emission. These parameters were also unaffected when intact M17 cells were treated with proteases. Moreover, M17 double mutants selected on the basis of diminished luminescence response to myristate all incorporated [3H]myristate into lipids normally. Finally, no resistant colonies were obtained using the bacteriocidal fatty acid analogue, 11-bromoundecanoate, and experiments with decanoate (10:0) indicated that the V. harveyi cell envelope is very sensitive to physical disruption by fatty acids. Taken together, these results support an unfacilitated uptake of myristic acid in V. harveyi, in contrast with the regulated vectorial transport and activation of long chain fatty acids in Escherichia coli.Key words: Vibrio harveyi, fatty acid transport, bioluminescence, lipid metabolism, tritium suicide.

Alcohol intake impairs glucose counterregulation during acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia in IDDM patients. Evidence for a critical role of free fatty acids

Diabetes ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1626-1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Avogaro ◽  
P. Beltramello ◽  
L. Gnudi ◽  
A. Maran ◽  
A. Valerio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Critical Role
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