An automatic, multichamber soil-washing apparatus for removing fungal spores from soil

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1399-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bissett ◽  
P. Widden
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Soil Washing ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Vegetative Mycelium ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Large Numbers

An automatic soil-washing apparatus is described which enabled the washing of fungus spores out of large numbers of soil samples simultaneously. Tests of the apparatus indicated that superficial spores were removed from most of the soil particles. This allowed organisms growing in soil as vegetative mycelium to be isolated more readily without the serious competition commonly encountered from organisms sporulating heavily in the soil. Virtually no cross-contamination of soil samples occurred in the multichambered apparatus.

scholarly journals Different Hatching Rates of Floodwater Mosquitoes Aedes sticticus, Aedes rossicus and Aedes cinereus from Different Flooded Environments

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Anders Lindström ◽  
Disa Eklöf ◽  
Tobias Lilja
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Retaining Structures ◽  
Retaining Structure ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Nuisance Species ◽  
Flooding Events ◽  
Hatching Rates

In the lower Dalälven region, floodwater mosquitoes cause recurring problems. The main nuisance species is Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sticticus, but large numbers of Aedes (Aedes) rossicus and Aedes (Aedes) cinereus also hatch during flooding events. To increase understanding of which environments in the area give rise to mosquito nuisance, soil samples were taken from 20 locations from four environmental categories: grazed meadows, mowed meadows, unkept open grassland areas and forest areas. In each location 20 soil samples were taken, 10 from random locations and 10 from moisture retaining structures, such as tussocks, shrubs, piles of leaves, logs, and roots. The soil samples were soaked with tap water in the lab, and mosquito larvae were collected and allowed to develop to adult mosquitoes for species identification. Fewer larvae hatched from mowed areas and more larvae hatched from moisture retaining structure samples than random samples. The results showed that Aedes cinereus mostly hatch from grazed and unkept areas and hatched as much from random samples as from structures, whereas Aedes sticticus and Aedes rossicus hatched from open unkept and forest areas and hatch significantly more from structure samples. When the moisture retaining structures in open unkept areas where Aedes sticticus hatched were identified it was clear that they hatched predominantly from willow shrubs that offered shade. The results suggest that Ae. sticticus and Ae. cinereus favor different flooded environments for oviposition.

scholarly journals Rapid Production of Graphite Without Contamination for Biomedical AMS

Radiocarbon ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Fractionation ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Biological Variability ◽  
Muffle Furnace ◽  
New Class ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Rapid Production ◽  
Disposable Plastic ◽  
Single Reaction

The application of AMS to the detection of 14C makes possible a new class of sensitive experiments in molecular biology. Such experiments inherently produce large numbers of samples for the determination of biological variability in molecular interactions. The samples vary in 14C concentration over many orders of magnitude. We added TiH2 to aid the reduction of CO2 by zinc in a sealed tube to reproducibly make graphite without sample cross-contamination. The CO2 is transferred from a combustion tube to the reaction tube through a disposable plastic manifold. The sealed tubes are heated to a single-reaction temperature in a muffle furnace. The process is complete within 5 h. Bulk isotopic fractionation in the finished graphite is less than 0.5%.

scholarly journals Distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in Soil of a Swiss Wetland Reserve after 22 Years of Mosquito Control

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 3663-3668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Guidi ◽  
Nicola Patocchi ◽  
Peter Lüthy ◽  
Mauro Tonolla
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Continuous Accumulation

ABSTRACTRecurrent treatments withBacillus thuringiensissubsp.israelensisare required to control the floodwater mosquitoAedes vexansthat breeds in large numbers in the wetlands of the Bolle di Magadino Reserve in Canton Ticino, Switzerland. Interventions have been carried out since 1988. In the present study, the spatial distribution of restingB. thuringiensissubsp.israelensisspores in the soil was measured. TheB. thuringiensissubsp.israelensisconcentration was determined in soil samples collected along six transects covering different elevations within the periodically flooded zones. A total of 258 samples were processed and analyzed by quantitative PCR that targeted an identical fragment of 159 bp for theB. thuringiensissubsp.israelensis cry4Aaandcry4Bagenes.B. thuringiensissubsp.israelensisspores were found to persist in soils of the wetland reserve at concentrations of up to 6.8 log per gram of soil. Continuous accumulation due to regular treatments could be excluded, as the decrease in spores amounted to 95.8% (95% confidence interval, 93.9 to 97.7%). The distribution of spores was correlated to the number ofB. thuringiensissubsp.israelensistreatments, the elevation of the sampling point, and the duration of the flooding periods. The number ofB. thuringiensissubsp.israelensistreatments was the major factor influencing the distribution of spores in the different topographic zones (P< 0.0001). These findings indicated thatB. thuringiensissubsp.israelensisspores are rather immobile after their introduction into the environment.

scholarly journals Studies on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal association in some medicinal plant species of paithal hills, western ghats kannur district, kerala

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Santhoshkumar S ◽  
Nagarajan N ◽  
Sree Priya S
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
The Family ◽  
Spore Population ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

In the present study to analyzed that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores in root colonization and spore population in rhizosphere soils samples in various medicinal at Paithal hills,Western Ghats of Kannur district, Kerala, India. Root and rhizosphere soil samples were collected during the month of August, 2018-March, 2019 from the surface to 30 cm depth as well as pH were also recorded. Totally 30 plant species belonging to 19 families were collected and identified. The present result showed arbuscular mycorrhizal spore population in the rhizosphere soil and root colonization of all the plant species. A total of 19 AM fungal spores were recovered from the rhizosphere soil samples in this study region. The Glomus was dominant had seen in rhizosphere soil samples in all the medicinal plant species. The maximum spore population was found in the rhizosphere soil samples of Mimosa pudica (590/100g of soil) which belongs to the family Mimosaceae and the lowest spore population was observed in the Terminalia bellirica 135/100g of soil) belongs to Combretaceae family. The highest  78 % AM fungal colonization was found in roots of Euphorbia hirta belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. While the lowest 11 % AM fungal colonization was found in the root of Sida acuta belongs to the family Malvaceae.

scholarly journals Potential relevance of Mortierella alpina as a source of ice nucleating particles in soil

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Conen ◽  
Mikhail V. Yakutin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Fungus ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mortierella Alpina ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. Soil organic matter carries ice nucleating particles (INP) of which the origin is hard to define and that are active at slight supercooling. The discovery and characterisation of INP produced by the widespread soil fungus Mortierella alpina permits a more targeted investigation of the likely origin of INP in soils. We searched for INP with characteristics similar to those reported for M. alpina (INPM-like) in 20 soil samples from four areas in the northern midlatitudes and one area in the tropics. In the 15 samples where we could detect INPM-like, they constituted between 1 and 94 % (median 11 %) of all INP active at −10 °C or warmer associated with soil particles

scholarly journals Risk of Spreading Soft Rot Through Cutting Dips Against Whiteflies in Greenhouse-Grown Poinsettia

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 2262-2268
Author(s):  
Rosemarije Buitenhuis ◽  
Anissa Poleatewich ◽  
Mark Jandricic ◽  
Michael Brownbridge
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Cost Effective Technique ◽  
Dipping Process ◽  
Carotovorum Subsp ◽  
Insecticidal Treatment

Dipping is a quick and cost-effective technique to reduce pest infestations on unrooted cuttings of greenhouse ornamental crops. Large numbers of cuttings are immersed in an insecticidal treatment, e.g., biopesticides and/or insecticidal soap, before they are stuck in the growing medium and rooted. This research investigated the risk of cross-contamination of poinsettia cuttings with Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, a potentially devastating pathogen causing soft rot, through the dipping process. Sampling at four commercial greenhouses showed that P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum was present in all dip suspensions during and after processing poinsettia cuttings; concentrations up to 1 × 105 CFU/ml were detected. A laboratory experiment determined that P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum-infected cuttings could contaminate clean dip suspensions to similar levels. These results indicated that there is potential for disease transfer during dipping. The potential for cross-contamination of healthy cuttings was evaluated by immersing poinsettia cuttings in dip suspensions artificially inoculated with P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (from 1 × 103 to 1 × 107 CFU/ml). Disease incidence increased as P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum concentrations in the dip suspension increased and the variety ‘Prestige Red’ was more susceptible than ‘Freedom White.’ However, even at the highest P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum concentration of 1 × 107 CFU/ml, the proportion of diseased cuttings was low at 6% for var. ‘Freedom White,’ but higher at 21% for var. ‘Prestige Red.’ We conclude that P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum transfer among unrooted poinsettia cuttings through the dipping process is relatively low although some varieties are sensitive to high levels of inoculum. Even so, strict sanitation practices are still important to prevent build-up of inoculum in the dip treatment.

THE INITIATION OF THE RHIZOSPHERE MYCOFLORA OF DWARF BEAN PLANTS

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Thomas ◽  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Soil Washing ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Humicola Grisea ◽  
Dwarf Bean

An attempt was made, using the soil-washing box technique, to obtain detailed information about the initiation of the rhizosphere mycoflora of dwarf bean seedlings.Tabulated information of the fungi isolated from washed non-rhizosphere soil and washed rhizosphere soil from plants during the first 20 days after seed germination is presented together with data of the fungi isolated from the waters in which these soil samples were washed. These data are discussed in relation to previous observations of fungi isolated from rhizospheres by other methods.The results obtained revealed that in the early days after seed germination the rhizosphere mycoflora was qualitatively similar to that of the non-rhizosphere soil. However, a number of distinct differences were discernible between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere populations even at these early stages of plant growth, namely that Cylindrocarpon radicicola, Humicola grisea, and a sterile sclerotial form (W1) were isolated with increased frequency from the rhizosphere, whereas Trichoderma viride was consistently isolated less frequently from the rhizosphere than from non-rhizosphere soil.

scholarly journals An environmentally friendly soil improvement technology for sand and dust storms control

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sareh Rajabi Agereh ◽  
Farshad Kiani ◽  
Kazem Khavazi ◽  
Hassan Rouhipour ◽  
Farhad Khormali
Keyword(s):  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
And Control

Background: Dust storms occur when unchecked, strong, or turbulent winds combine with exposed loose and dried soil surfaces. Sand and dust storms have a significant impact on society, economy, and environment at local, regional, and global levels. The environmental and health hazards of such storms cannot be permanently reduced, however, by taking appropriate measures, its impact can be reduced. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of microbial precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as a biocompatible agent on soil stabilization and control of dust storms using ureaseproducing bacteria (UPB) as a biological improvement technique, which were isolated, identified, sprayed on the soil surface. Methods: For this purpose, the erosion of bio-cemented soil samples was investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel under the condition of wind velocity of 0 to 98 km.h-1 in two soil types with sandy and silty texture in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Results: The investigation of the threshold wind velocity of soil particles showed that soil particles began to move at velocity of 8 and 10 km.h-1 in silty and sandy soils, respectively, but in all biological samples (MICP), particles did not move until the wind speed reached 97 km.h-1. It was also revealed that the weight loss of all MICP-treated samples at different wind velocities was significantly reduced compared to the control group. Differences in the amount of soil loss among bio-cemented samples and control treatments were even superior at higher velocities, so that at velocities more than 57 km.h-1, soil losses increased significantly in the control group, while in soils treated with bacteria, soil loss was very low (about 2.5 kg.m-2.h-1). Comparison of the bacteria used in this study also showed that Bacillus infantis and Paenibacillus sp3 had high efficiency in controlling dust storms. Conclusion: The formation of abrasion-resistant surface layers on soil samples treated by biocementation showed that cementation by biological methods could be an effective way to stabilize surface particles and control sand and dust storms.

Survival of a lowland heathland seed bank after a 33-year burial

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Thompson ◽  
Stuart R. Band
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Calluna Vulgaris ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
First Time

AbstractSoil samples were collected from the original land surface beneath an experimental earthwork, constructed in 1963 at Morden Bog, Dorset, England, and excavated in 1996. Large numbers of seeds of Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea and E. tetralix germinated from the samples, but other species present in the original flora, including Ulex minor and several grasses, were absent. The results confirm the previously-documented longevity of Calluna and E. tetralix, and for the first time demonstrate similar longevity in E. cinerea.

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