Physiology of sporeforming bacteria associated with insects. I. Glucose catabolism in vegetative cells

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Bulla ◽  
G. St. Julian ◽  
R. A. Rhodes ◽  
C. W. Hesseltine
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Glucose Medium ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Tentative Evidence

The catabolic pathways for use of glucose in proliferating vegetative cells of Bacillus thuringiensis, B. alvei, B. lentimorbus, and B. popilliae were studied by radiorespirometry. These organisms dissimilate glucose predominately via the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway and to a lesser extent by the pentose phosphate pathway. Extent of participation of concurrent pathways varied with each organism. Tentative evidence suggests that B. popilliae and B. lentimorbus, grown in a yeast extract – glucose medium, lack a fully operational tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Dilution of this medium slightly enhanced TCA cycle activity in B. popilliae but had no effect with B. lentimorbus. Radiorespirometric data regarding glutamic acid oxidation also were obtained for each bacterium. All organisms studied except B. lentimorbus were capable of oxidizing glutamic acid to carbon dioxide.

scholarly journals PO-153 The metabolic changes in the hippocampus of an atherosclerotic rat model and the regulation of exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Liu ◽  
Shujie Lou
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Methyl Stearate ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Nonanoic Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Running Exercise

Objective atherosclerosis has been associated with the progression of cognitive impairment and dementia. Several features, such as high oxygen consumption, a large content of peroxidation-sensitive polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a strong dependency on the supply of glucose make the brain vulnerable to even small metabolic changes. The hippocampus is closely related to memory and learning function, and prone to ischemic injury. However, using metabolomics technology to explore metabolites of hippocampus from atherosclerosis animals is rarely reported. We aim to reveal the metabolic changes during atherosclerosis, and clarify the possible role of exercise in regulating hippocampus metabolism. Methods we established a rat model of atherosclerosis(n=18) along with control group (n=10). The model group was assigned into the AS group (n=8) and the TAS group (n=8), which was intervened by running exercise for 4 weeks. A Y maze test was performed to evaluate initial memory. Metabolomics based on GC-MS was applied to detect small molecules metabolites in rat hippocampus. Results we found that the AS and TAS group both showed elevation in HDL, meanwhile decrement in TC and LDL after 4 weeks’ intervention. The behavioral test showed rats from AS group entered less frequently into and spent less time in the novel arm than rats from C group (P<0.01), while other indexes showed no difference. Compared to the C group, metabolites including xylulose 5-phosphate, threonine, succinate and nonanoic acid were markedly elevated, whereas methyl arachidonic acid and methyl stearate decreased in the AS group. Meanwhile, the levels of succinic acid, branched chain amino acids, nonanoic acid and desmosterol decreased, whereas methyl arachidonic acid, methyl stearate, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate elevated in the hippocampus of the TAS group in comparison with the AS group. Conclusions A series of metabolic changes implicated in the hippocampus of atherosclerotic rats, including a decrease in anaerobic glycolysis and TCA cycle, an activation of pentose phosphate pathway, and a disturbance in fatty acid oxidation and cholesterol synthesis, which could lead to insufficient ATP in the hippocampus and related to the behavioral changes of atherosclerotic rats, while running exercise may take part in regulating metabolism to normal state in the hippocampus of atherosclerotic rats.

Metabolism of glucose-14C, pyruvate-14C, and mannitol-14C by Melampsora lini. II. Conversion to soluble products

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mitchell ◽  
Michael Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Melampsora Lini ◽  
Carbohydrate Fraction ◽  
The Tca Cycle

Mycelium of the flax rust fungus (Melampsora lini (Pers.) Lév.), grown on flax cotyledons in tissue culture, had a mean [Formula: see text]of 4.1 and a mean C6/C1 ratio of 0.14, measured after 4 hours in radioactive glucose. The C6/C1 ratio increased with time and also after treatment with 10−5 M 2,4-dinitrophenol. The relative labelling of the (80%) ethanol-soluble carbohydrates, and organic and amino acid fractions after incubation with glucose-1-, -2-, or -6-14C also indicated preferential release of C1 as 14CO2. Trehalose (unknown A) was tentatively identified in the carbohydrate fraction and was mildly radioactive after incubation of the mycelium with labelled glucose for 3 hours. The principal radioactive products of glucose in this fraction were two unknowns, B and C, which were tentatively identified as mannitol and arabitol. The labelling patterns were consistent with their formation from intermediates of the pentose phosphate pathway. The distribution of radioactivity derived from glucose in alanine, glutamate, and aspartate also indicated that hexose or triose units formed in the pentose phosphate pathway were converted to pyruvate, which either gave rise to alanine or was further oxidized in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Incubation with pyruvate-1-, -2-, or -3-14C for 3 hours gave rise to 14CO2 and labelled alanine, glutamate, and aspartate in a manner consistent with the operation of the TCA cycle. Mannitol-1-6-14C was not metabolized to any appreciable extent in this period, but did give rise to 14CO2 and to several unidentified compounds in the carbohydrate fraction.

Carbon dioxide fixing pathways of glutamic acid synthesis in the rumen

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Glutamate Synthesis ◽  
The Individual

Rumen contents were incubated with NaHCO3-14C and the pattern of incorporation of 14C into glutamic acid was determined. Label was found in C-1, C-2, and C-5 of glutamic acid. This distribution pattern suggested the simultaneous occurrence of the forward tricarboxylic acid (TCA), the atypical forward TCA, and the reverse TCA pathways of glutamate synthesis in the mixed rumen population; these pathways were estimated to account for 63%, 9%, and 28%, respectively, of the glutamate synthesized by pathways entailing CO2 fixation. The contributions of the individual pathways were not influenced by the ration of the host. The significance of these alternate pathways of glutamate synthesis in the metabolism of rumen microorganisms is discussed.

Physiology of sporeforming bacteria associated with insects, m. Radiorespirometry of pyruvate, acetate, succinate, and glutamate oxidation

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 1073-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee A. Bulla Jr ◽  
Grant St. Julian ◽  
Robert A. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Appreciable Increase ◽  
Related Compounds

Oxidation of pyruvate, acetate, succinate, and glutamate was compared in Bacillus thuringiensis, B. alvei, B. lentimorbus, and B. popilliae. Cells of B. thuringiensis and B. alvei in transition from vegetative growth to sporulation oxidized these substrates by tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle reactions. No TCA cycle activity was exhibited by B. lentimorbus and B. popilliae cells that do not sporulate. B. popilliae decarboxylated C-1 of pyruvate and glutamate; B. lentimorbus, C-1 of pyruvate only. B. thuringiensis and B. alvei oxidized pyruvate and acetate at a much higher rate in the absence of amino acids and related compounds than when these nutrients were exogenously supplied; in contrast, there was no appreciable increase in C-1 decarboxylation of pyruvate by B. lentimorbus and B. popilliae. No nutrient effect was observed on succinate and glutamate oxidation in any of these four organisms.

THE METABOLISM OF ACETATE BY WHEAT STEM RUST UREDOSPORES

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Suryanarayanan ◽  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Carbon 14

When uredospores of Puccinia graminis var. tritici (race 15B) were incubated at pH 6.2 in phosphate buffer containing either acetate-1-C14or -2-C14, about 12% of the radioactivity was removed from the solution in a period of 3 hours. Respired carbon dioxide contained about 45% and 22% of the carbon-14 taken up as acetate-1-C14and acetate-2-C14, respectively. Incorporation of carbon-14 into spore components was considerably higher with acetate-2-C14than with acetate-1-C14. With either tracer most of the radioactivity in water-soluble spore materials was accounted for in amino acids and neutral substances. Glutamic acid was particularly radioactive and accounted for about 40% of the radioactivity in the amino acid fraction. Incorporation of carbon-14 into the glutamic acid skeleton was consistent with the view that both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glyoxalate cycle were functioning.

Axillary bud outgrowth in rose is controlled by sugar metabolic and signalling pathways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Wang ◽  
Maria-Dolores Pérez-Garcia ◽  
Jean-Michel Davière ◽  
François Barbier ◽  
Laurent Ogé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Shoot Branching ◽  
Endogenous Factors

Abstract Shoot branching is a pivotal process during plant growth and development, antagonistically orchestrated by auxin and sugars. By contrast to extensive investigations on hormonal regulatory networks, our current knowledge on the role of sugar signalling pathways in bud outgrowth is still scarce. Based on a stepwise and comprehensive strategy, we investigated the role of glycolysis/the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) in the control of bud outgrowth. We demonstrated that these two pathways are necessary for bud outgrowth promotion upon plant decapitation and in response to sugar availability. They are also targets of the antagonistic crosstalk between auxin and sugar availability. These two pathways act synergistically to downregulate the expression of BRC1, a conserved inhibitor of shoot branching. Using Rosa calluses stably transformed with GFP-fused promoter sequences of RhBRC1 (pRhBRC1), glycolysis/TCA-cycle and the OPPP were found to repress the transcriptional activity of pRhBRC1 cooperatively. Glycolysis/TCA-cycle- and OPPP-dependent regulations involve the -1973bp/-1611bp and -1206bp/-709bp regions of pRhBRC1, respectively. Taken together, our findings indicate that glycolysis/the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the OPPP are integrative parts of shoot branching control and can link endogenous factors to the developmental program of bud outgrowth, more likely through two distinct mechanisms.

scholarly journals Absence of retbindin blocks glycolytic flux, disrupts metabolic homeostasis, and leads to photoreceptor degeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. e2018956118
Author(s):  
Tirthankar Sinha ◽  
Jianhai Du ◽  
Mustafa S. Makia ◽  
James B. Hurley ◽  
Muna I. Naash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Degeneration ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Glycolytic Flux ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Almost All

We previously reported a model of progressive retinal degeneration resulting from the knockout of the retina-specific riboflavin binding protein, retbindin (Rtbdn−/−). We also demonstrated a reduction in neural retinal flavins as a result of the elimination of RTBDN. Given the role of flavins in metabolism, herein we investigated the underlying mechanism of this retinal degeneration by performing metabolomic analyses on predegeneration at postnatal day (P) 45 and at the onset of functional degeneration in the P120 retinas. Metabolomics of hydrophilic metabolites revealed that individual glycolytic products accumulated in the P45 Rtbdn−/− neural retinas along with the elevation of pentose phosphate pathway, while TCA cycle intermediates remained unchanged. This was confirmed by using 13C-labeled flux measurements and immunoblotting, revealing that the key regulatory step of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate was inhibited via down-regulation of the tetrameric pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2). Separate metabolite assessments revealed that almost all intermediates of acylcarnitine fatty acid oxidation, ceramides, sphingomyelins, and multiple toxic metabolites were significantly elevated in the predegeneration Rtbdn−/− neural retina. Our data show that lack of RTBDN, and hence reduction in flavins, forced the neural retina into repurposing glucose for free-radical mitigation over ATP production. However, such sustained metabolic reprogramming resulted in an eventual metabolic collapse leading to neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals Changes in Metabolic Enzyme Activities during Thidiazuron-induced Lateral Budbreak of Apple

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiow Y. Wang ◽  
Hong J. Jiao ◽  
Miklos Faust
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Cycle Enzyme ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphate gluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were studied in apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) buds during dormancy and thidiazuron-induced budbreak. When buds were dormant, the activity of the glycolytic enzymes GAPDH and PK and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme ICDH was low compared to that in nondormant buds. The activity of these enzymes increased during budbreak, peaked when buds were in the green tip stage just before the start of rapid expansion (at 8 days after thidiazuron treatment), and declined thereafter. The activity of pentose-phosphate cycle enzymes G6PDH and 6PGDH was higher in dormant buds than in nondormant buds. 6PGDH was about twice as high as G6PDH. During budbreak and resumption of growth, G6PDH and 6PGDH activity decreased.

The biosynthesis of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and alanine in Rhizobium japonicum

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas T. Lillich ◽  
Gerald H. Elkan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Carbon Skeleton ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Oxalacetic Acid ◽  
The Tca Cycle

The biosynthesis of aspartic acid and the incorporation of its carbon skeleton into glutamic acid and alanine was investigated in Rhizobium japonicum. It was found that oxalacetic acid (OAA) occupies a key position in the metabolism of this amino acid and the dissemination of its carbon skeleton into other amino acids. Aspartic acid is formed by two pathways involving the amination of OAA. In one pathway, OAA is synthesized by the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and in the other by the carboxylation of either pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate. The carbon skeleton of aspartic acid can be incorporated into alanine either by deamination to OAA followed by decarboxylation to pyruvate and reamination or directly by decarboxylation of the number four carbon. There are at least two pathways by which aspartic acid carbon is incorporated into glutamic acid. One path involves the synthesis of α-ketoglutarate from OAA via the TCA cycle, the other is a condensation yielding either β-methylaspartate or α-ketoglutarate, which is then converted to glutamate.

STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14 COMPOUNDS: V. GERMINATION STUDIES WITH LABELLED WHEAT SEEDS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1259-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Active Compound ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Wheat Seeds

Radioactive wheat seeds, obtained by injecting acetate-C14 into the stems of the parent plants, were germinated in the absence of light and nutrient and the fate of the carbon-14 was observed. Carbon respired as carbon dioxide had a higher specific activity than any of the major seed components except protein. Variations were found in the patterns by which material was transferred from the kernel to new tissue as reflected in a comparison of the activity of various components. Glutamic acid was the most active compound isolated either from the original seeds or from the new tissues. This observation, together with similarities noted in the intramolecular distribution of carbon-14 in glutamic acid of new tissue and seed residues, indicated that glutamic acid was reutilized for the biosynthesis of seedling protein. Changes in the labelling of glutamic acid during transfer to new tissue are qualitatively in accord with the idea that at least some of the amino acid is used after re-entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

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