Chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria in the marine environment. I. Isolation, cultivation, and distribution

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank W. Adair ◽  
K. Gundersen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Thiobacillus Thioparus ◽  
Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Seawater Samples ◽  
Chemoautotrophic Bacteria

Chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria were isolated in pure form from estuarine, neritic, and oceanic environments by the use of small-volume enrichment cultures. Thiosulfate was the only energy source added to the medium. Bicarbonate and carbon dioxide were the carbon sources.The bacteria were found in seawater samples collected at the surface and at a depth of 30 meters. Clay and mud sediments contained chemoautotrophs and heterotrophic pseudomonads with the capacity to oxidize thiosulfate.The isolated microorganisms differed greatly in their morphologies. Cells ranged in shape from vibrios to several varieties of rods which occurred alone, in pairs, in long chains, and in clusters. All of the bacteria were aerobic, Gram-negative, and non-sporulating.Growth characteristics with respect to the formation of elemental sulfur, production of tetrathionate, and final pH varied markedly. Colonies on thiosulfate – mineral salts agar were all 1 mm or less in diameter. A test, of two of the chemoautotrophs indicated a need for seawater in the growth medium.Out of a total of six different chemoautotrophic bacteria, one was identified as a strain of Thiobacillus thioparus. Another was facultatively autotrophic. The other four types were not compatible with the descriptions of any of the known thiobacilli.

MARINE THIOBACILLI: II. CULTURE AND ULTRASTRUCTURE

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1529-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Tilton ◽  
G. J. Stewart ◽  
G. E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Nuclear Material ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Mineral Sulfides ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
Sole Energy

Gram-negative, polar-flagellated bacteria isolated from the Atlantic Ocean using thiosulfate or elemental sulfur as the sole energy source are considered members of the genus Thiobacillus. These cultures require seawater in the medium although they grow optimally when the salinity is reduced to a range of 6.4 to 25.8 p.p.t. There is no growth at 0 salinity and a 25–30% reduction of thiosulfate oxidation in 3 weeks is observed at 18 °C in a salinity of 32.3 p.p.t. The pH of the medium decreased from 7.2 or 5.6 to a final pH of 2–3. One culture decreased the pH to only 5.0 while oxidizing 80% of the thiosulfate. One representative culture, WH-2, was able to oxidize only thiosulfate and elemental sulfur from a series of substrates including tetrathionate, sulfite, sulfur-containing amino acids, and mineral sulfides. This culture is a strict aerobe and did not grow in the presence of 0.01% yeast extract, 2216E, or nutrient broth.The ultrastructure of culture WH-2 indicates that it is very similar to that of Thiobacillus thioosidans. The cells indicate a substantial cell envelope, cytomembranes, electron-dense fibrillar nuclear material, unknown granules, and distinct polyphosphate granules.

scholarly journals Aislamiento y caracterización de bacterias rojas no sulfurosas provenientes del humedal de la Mixtequilla, Veracruz (México)

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacteriochlorophyll A ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Green Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Liquid Cultures ◽  
Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Pure Cultures

Aislamiento y caracterización de bacterias rojas no sulfurosas provenientes del humedal de la Mixtequilla, Veracruz (México) María Teresa Núñez Cardona, Magdalena Chávez Hernández y Martha Signoret Poillon Departamento el Hombre y su ambiente, Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco. Calzada del Hueso 1100. Col. Villa Quietud, 04960. Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias UAM-X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2011.0019/ RESUMEN Las bacterias fotosintéticas están ampliamente distribuidas en los ecosistemas acuáticos y terrestres. De manera general, se les ha dividido en bacterias rojas y verdes (sulfurosas y no sulfurosas), las bacterias rojas no sulfurosas (BRNS) son las más versátiles en cuanto a su metabolismo se refiere ya que son capaces de utilizar un amplio rango de compuestos orgánicos como fuentes de carbono y/o energía. En los últimos años se les ha utilizado para la biorremediación de agua y suelos contaminados, así como para la producción de biofertilizantes y herbicidas; son de gran utilidad en la biotecnología y en la medicina. Pese a su gran utilidad, en México se ha estudiado poco a este grupo de microorganismos. Con el fin de contribuir al conocimiento de las bacterias fotótrofas, se aislaron y caracterizaron 10 cultivos de BRNS provenientes de muestras de agua colectadas en el humedal de la Mixtequilla, Veracruz. Para la caracterización de los cultivos bacterianos se consideró su morfología celular sus propiedades pigmentarias y su capacidad para utilizar diferentes compuestos orgánicos como únicas fuentes de carbono y/o energía. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, los cultivos líquidos presentaron color marrón, café, rosa y rojo (característicos de las bacterias rojas fotótrofas), en todos se observó la presencia de células con formas de bacilos y su respuesta a la tinción de Gram fue negativa, todas produjeron bacterioclorofila a y en algunos cultivos se detectó espiriloxantina y licopeno. Diez cultivos fueron capaces de utilizar al piruvato, succínato, propionato, glicerol, acetato, etanol y extracto de la levadura; ocho utilizaron maltosa, manosa y sacarosa. Los sustratos menos utilizados fueron lactosa, benzoato, sacarosa, metanol y cisteína. Con base en lo expuesto por algunos autores y las características registradas en los cultivos de BRNS aisladas, se presume en éstos la presencia de miembros de los géneros Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodobacter, Rhodovulum y Rhodobium. Descriptores: Bacterioclorofila a, Bacterias rojas no sulfurosas, Rhodopseudomonas, Mixtequilla. ABSTRACT Phototrophic bacteria are widely distributed in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These microorganisms are divided in purple and green bacteria (sulfur and nonsulfur), All of them are anaerobic and anoxygenic. Purple non sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are metabolically the most versatile, they are able to use a broad range of organic compounds as carbon and energy sources; by the other hand, they are chemoheterotrophic in the dark with minimal oxygen quantities. In the last years PNSB has been used in biorremediation, agriculture, biotechnology and medicine. The aim of this study was to isolate and to characterize purple non sulfur bacteria from la Mixtequilla wetland. It was obtained ten pure cultures of PNSB isolated from water samples collected at the Mixtequilla. Properties such as morphology, pigment and the use of different energy donors and carbon sources were used for characterizing PNSB. Results showed that liquid cultures were red and brown in color; Gram negative rods, and all produce bacteriochlorophyll a. The cultures mainly use as carbon and energy sources to piruvate, succinate, propionate, glycerol, acetate, ethanol and yeast extract; eight cultures use maltose, manose and sucrose; few cultures use lactose, benzoate, methanol and cysteine. According with these properties in the cultures there are members of the Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodobacter, Rhodovulum and Rhodobium genera. Keywords: bacteriochlorophyll a, purple non sulfur bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas, Mixtequilla.

Chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria from the marine environment. II. Characterization of an obligately marine facultative autotroph

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank W. Adair ◽  
K. Gundersen
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Growth Strain ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Thiosulfate Oxidation ◽  
Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Marine Strain ◽  
Complex Organic

Marine strain D10-B, a Gram-negative, non-motile, facultative chemoautotrophic sulfur bacterium, oxidized thiosulfate to sulfate with the production of energy which was used for 14CO2 fixation. The assimilation of 14CO2 was almost completely inhibited by 5 × 10−4 M 2,4-dinitrophenol. Thiosulfate oxidation was inhibited by 47% in the presence of 5 × 10−4 M KCN. The thiosulfate-oxidizing system appeared to be inducible. Elemental sulfur, sulfite, and tetrathionate were also respired, but only thiosulfate served as a substrate for growth. Strain D10-B grew heterotrophically on a variety of single and complex organic substrates. The organism was compared to Thiobacillus novellus and Thiobacillus intermedins. It was classified as a marine strain of T. novellus.

Disinfection of Fruits with Activated Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1864-1872
Author(s):  
Prof. Teodora P. Popova
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
High Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Lower Effect

The effect of ionized aqueous solutions (anolytes and catholyte) in the processing of fruits (cherries, morellos, and strawberries) for decontamination has been tested. Freshly prepared analytes and catholyte without the addition of salts were used, as well as stored for 7 months anolytes, prepared with 0.5% NaCl and a combination of 0.5% NaCl and 0.5% Na2CO3. The anolyte prepared with a combination of 0.5% NaCl and 0.5% Na2CO3, as well as the anolyte obtained with 0.5% NaCl, exhibit high antimicrobial activity against the surface microflora of strawberries, cherries, and sour cherries. They inactivate E. coli for 15 minutes. The other species of the fam. Enterobacteriaceae were also affected to the maximum extent, as is the total number of microorganisms, especially in cherries and sour cherries. Even stored for 7 months, they largely retain their antimicrobial properties. Anolyte and catholyte, obtained without the addition of salts, showed a lower effect on the total number of microorganisms, but had a significant effect on Gram-negative bacteria, and especially with regard to the sanitary indicative E. coli.

scholarly journals Possibilities of the Development of Edible Insect-Based Foods in Europe

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 766
Author(s):  
Magdalena Skotnicka ◽  
Kaja Karwowska ◽  
Filip Kłobukowski ◽  
Aleksandra Borkowska ◽  
Magdalena Pieszko
Keyword(s):  
Material Processing ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Edible Insect ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

All over the world, a large proportion of the population consume insects as part of their diet. In Western countries, however, the consumption of insects is perceived as a negative phenomenon. The consumption of insects worldwide can be considered in two ways: on the one hand, as a source of protein in countries affected by hunger, while, on the other, as an alternative protein in highly-developed regions, in response to the need for implementing policies of sustainable development. This review focused on both the regulations concerning the production and marketing of insects in Europe and the characteristics of edible insects that are most likely to establish a presence on the European market. The paper indicates numerous advantages of the consumption of insects, not only as a valuable source of protein but also as a raw material rich in valuable fatty acids, vitamins, and mineral salts. Attention was paid to the functional properties of proteins derived from insects, and to the possibility for using them in the production of functional food. The study also addresses the hazards which undoubtedly contribute to the mistrust and lowered acceptance of European consumers and points to the potential gaps in the knowledge concerning the breeding conditions, raw material processing and health safety. This set of analyzed data allows us to look optimistically at the possibilities for the development of edible insect-based foods, particularly in Europe.

Species differences in effect of gram-negative endotoxin on circulation

1961 ◽  
Vol 200 (6) ◽  
pp. 1197-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Kuida ◽  
Robert P. Gilbert ◽  
Lerner B. Hinshaw ◽  
Joel G. Brunson ◽  
Maurice B. Visscher
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Segment ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Significant Mechanism ◽  
Dramatic Fall ◽  
Made In

Studies were made in 5 monkeys, 7 rabbits, and 33 cats of the effect of gram-negative endotoxin on aortic, pulmonary artery (PAP), and portal venous (PVP) pressures; and on changes in weight of a short segment of intestine. Studies of blood pooling were also made in 12 cats. The responses in these species were compared with those previously observed in the dog. Although variable degrees of hypotension developed at one time or another in all animals following injection of endotoxin, the early precipitous hypotension that characteristically occurs in the dog was observed only in the cat. However, in this species the dramatic fall in pressure could be ascribed to pulmonary vascular constriction and acute right ventricular hypertension and failure, and not to splanchnic pooling. PAP also became elevated in the monkey and the rabbit, but usually was of lesser magnitude and did not appear to explain the development of the relatively late hypotension that occurred in these species. The absence of significant increases in gut weight and the minor increments in PVP in all animals indicate that in none of these species is hepatic vein constriction and splanchnic pooling a significant mechanism in producing early shock as it is in the dog. Pathologic gross and microscopic studies in the monkey and gross examinations in the other species supported this conclusion.

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activities of DW-224a, a New Fluoronaphthyridone

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 2261-2264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Soo Park ◽  
Hyun-Joo Kim ◽  
Min-Jung Seol ◽  
Dong-Rack Choi ◽  
Eung-Chil Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

ABSTRACT DW-224a showed the most potent in vitro activity among the quinolone compounds tested against clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria. Against gram-negative bacteria, DW-224a was slightly less active than the other fluoroquinolones. The in vivo activities of DW-224a against gram-positive bacteria were more potent than those of other quinolones.

scholarly journals Differential RNA Sequencing Implicates Sulfide as the Master Regulator of S 0 Metabolism in Chlorobaculum tepidum and Other Green Sulfur Bacteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob M. Hilzinger ◽  
Vidhyavathi Raman ◽  
Kevin E. Shuman ◽  
Brian J. Eddie ◽  
Thomas E. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Green Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Electron Donors ◽  
Reduced Sulfur Compounds ◽  
Promoter Elements ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Chlorobaculum Tepidum ◽  
Green Sulfur

ABSTRACT The green sulfur bacteria ( Chlorobiaceae ) are anaerobes that use electrons from reduced sulfur compounds (sulfide, S 0 , and thiosulfate) as electron donors for photoautotrophic growth. Chlorobaculum tepidum , the model system for the Chlorobiaceae , both produces and consumes extracellular S 0 globules depending on the availability of sulfide in the environment. These physiological changes imply significant changes in gene regulation, which has been observed when sulfide is added to Cba. tepidum growing on thiosulfate. However, the underlying mechanisms driving these gene expression changes, i.e., the specific regulators and promoter elements involved, have not yet been defined. Here, differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq) was used to globally identify transcript start sites (TSS) that were present during growth on sulfide, biogenic S 0 , and thiosulfate as sole electron donors. TSS positions were used in combination with RNA-seq data from cultures growing on these same electron donors to identify both basal promoter elements and motifs associated with electron donor-dependent transcriptional regulation. These motifs were conserved across homologous Chlorobiaceae promoters. Two lines of evidence suggest that sulfide-mediated repression is the dominant regulatory mode in Cba. tepidum . First, motifs associated with genes regulated by sulfide overlap key basal promoter elements. Second, deletion of the Cba. tepidum 1277 ( CT1277 ) gene, encoding a putative regulatory protein, leads to constitutive overexpression of the sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase CT1087 in the absence of sulfide. The results suggest that sulfide is the master regulator of sulfur metabolism in Cba. tepidum and the Chlorobiaceae . Finally, the identification of basal promoter elements with differing strengths will further the development of synthetic biology in Cba. tepidum and perhaps other Chlorobiaceae . IMPORTANCE Elemental sulfur is a key intermediate in biogeochemical sulfur cycling. The photoautotrophic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum either produces or consumes elemental sulfur depending on the availability of sulfide in the environment. Our results reveal transcriptional dynamics of Chlorobaculum tepidum on elemental sulfur and increase our understanding of the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation governing growth on different reduced sulfur compounds. This report identifies genes and sequence motifs that likely play significant roles in the production and consumption of elemental sulfur. Beyond this focused impact, this report paves the way for the development of synthetic biology in Chlorobaculum tepidum and other Chlorobiaceae by providing a comprehensive identification of promoter elements for control of gene expression, a key element of strain engineering.

scholarly journals Rapid Detection and Evaluation of Clinical Characteristics of Emerging Multiple-Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Rods Carrying the Metallo-β-Lactamase GeneblaIMP

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 2006-2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichi Hirakata ◽  
Koichi Izumikawa ◽  
Toshiyuki Yamaguchi ◽  
Hiromu Takemura ◽  
Hironori Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Tract Infections

Gram-negative rods (GNR) carrying the transferable carbapenem resistance gene blaIMP, includingPseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens, have been isolated from more than 20 hospitals in Japan. Although the emergence of such multiple-drug-resistant bacteria is of utmost clinical concern, little information in regard to the distribution ofblaIMP-positive GNR in hospitals and the clinical characteristics of infected patients is available. To address this, a system for the rapid detection of theblaIMP gene with a simple DNA preparation and by enzymatic detection of PCR products was developed. A total of 933 ceftazidime-resistant strains of GNR isolated between 1991 and 1996 at Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan, were screened for theblaIMP gene; 80 isolates were positive, including 53 P. aeruginosa isolates, 13 other glucose-nonfermenting bacteria, 13 S. marcescens isolates, and 1 Citrobacter freundii isolate. Most of the patients from whom blaIMP-positive organisms were isolated had malignant diseases (53.8%). The organisms caused urinary tract infections, pneumonia, or other infections in 46.3% of the patients, while they were just colonizing the other patients evaluated. It was possible that blaIMP-positive P. aeruginosa strains contributed to the death of four patients, while the other infections caused by GNR carryingblaIMP were not lethal. DNA fingerprinting analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis suggested the cross transmission of strains within the hospital. The isolates were ceftazidime resistant and were frequently resistant to other antibiotics. Although no particular means of pathogenesis ofblaIMP-positive GNR is evident at present, the rapid detection of such strains is necessary to help with infection control practices for the prevention of their dissemination and the transmission of the resistance gene to other pathogenic bacteria.

scholarly journals Small Volume (1-3l) Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

10.3791/1163 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Walsh ◽  
Elena Zaikova ◽  
Steven J. Hallam
Keyword(s):  
Small Volume ◽  
Coastal Seawater ◽  
Seawater Samples
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