Transmission of California encephalitis virus by mosquitoes

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max A. Chernesky
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Virus Growth ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Subcutaneous Inoculation

Transmission of California encephalitis (CE) virus strain R2929 by groups of Aedes vexans (Meigen) mosquitoes to rabbits was accomplished 7 and 9 days after the insects had imbibed an infective blood meal. Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes transmitted virus to newly hatched chickens by biting them 48, 96, and 144 hours after intrathoracic injection.CE vires was found in gut, thorax, legs, and salivary glands of pools of Aedes triseriatus (Say), Aedes canadensis (Theobald), and A. vexans mosquitoes after intrathoracic injection of 101.3 mouse LD50 per 0.003 ml of virus. Salivary glands contained a maximum virus titer of 105.0 mouse LD50 per anatomical unit 5 days after injection. A. aegypti mosquitoes also supported virus growth after intrathoracic injection but yielded higher virus titers (106.3 mouse LD50) in the salivary glands.The infection threshold of A. vexans fed CE virus was 102.0LD50 per insect. Immediately after ingestion of 102.0 LD50 of virus only the gut washings contained virus. Detection of virus was not accomplished again until 4 days later. Average maximum titers of 104.5 LD50 per salivary glands were found after 8 days of extrinsic incubation. The infection threshold of A. aegypti fed CE virus exceeded 104.5 LD50 per insect.New Zealand white rabbits and Leghorn chickens circulated CE virus in their blood, which attained peak titers of 102.5 mouse LD50 per 0.03 ml 48 and 72 hours respectively after subcutaneous inoculation, but weaned mice did not develop viremia. All three animal species produced neutralizing antibodies to CE virus 21 days after inoculation.

scholarly journals A haemocyte tropism for an arbovirus

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grishma R. Parikh ◽  
Jonathan D. Oliver ◽  
Lyric C. Bartholomay
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Sindbis Virus ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Micro Organisms

Horizontally transmitted mosquito-borne viruses enter the midgut with a blood meal then disseminate to infect the salivary glands. En route to the salivary glands, these viruses encounter the plasma (haemolymph) and blood cells (haemocytes). Haemocytes respond to a variety of micro-organisms, but their role in virus replication and dissemination has not been described. To look for a potential haemocyte tropism for an arbovirus, a Sindbis virus was injected intrathoracically into four species of mosquito. Virus infects haemocytes as early as 6 h post injection (p.i.) and infection was evident in these cells for as long as 4 days p.i. More than 90 % of haemocytes were infected, most often the phagocytic granulocytes. Virus titres in the haemolymph increased from 24 h p.i. through 60 h p.i. Similar results were found when Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were injected with orally infectious Sindbis. These data prove that an arbovirus infects, and replicates in, haemocytes.

Ukauwa virus proliferation in mosquitoes

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oladeinde Ogunbi
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
North American ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Infective Virus ◽  
Biological Criteria ◽  
Eclipse Phase ◽  
Initial Recovery ◽  
Intrathoracic Inoculation

Ukauwa virus, a Bunyamwera group arbovirus endemic in the Ethiopian zoogeographic region, multiplied in the tissues of North American mosquito species Aedes canadensis (Theobald) and Aedes triseriatus (Say) after intrathoracic inoculation. This virus also multiplied in laboratory-bred Aedes aegypti (L.) after both feeding and injection. Ukauwa virus now fulfills the biological criteria of an arbovirus. In these three mosquito species, after initial detection of infective virus immediately after inoculation, an eclipse phase with lack of detection of infectivity was observed 6 hours later, and was followed by initial recovery of virus (1.0 log mouse LD50) at 12 hours and thereafter steady virus increments in thorax, salivary glands, gut, and legs which reached maximum titers of 5.4 to 6.3 log mouse LD50 in 4 days. In A. aegypti fed Ukauwa virus no infectivity was detected during the first 8 days after the meal. After initial detection of infective virus (3.0 log mouse LD50) on day 10, maximum titers of 4.3 to 5.3 log mouse LD50 were reached 4 days later.A. aegypti transmitted Ukauwa virus to weaned mice on the 12th and 14th days after an infective blood meal, when virus titers in the salivary glands exceeded 4.3 log mouse LD50. The infection threshold of Ukauwa virus for A. aegypti by feeding was 4.7 log mouse LD50 per 0.002 ml.

SOME FUNCTIONS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF MOSQUITOES AND OTHER BLOOD-FEEDING INSECTS

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Gut Contents

Tests for anticoagulating, agglutinating, and lytic factors were performed on the gut contents of blood engorged specimens and on the salivary gland homogenates of several species of mosquitoes and other blood-feeding insects. The results suggest that these factors are commonly present in the salivary glands but may vary in concentration with the species. The anticoagulin was absent in female Aedes aegypti whose salivary ducts had been cut; some of the duct-cut insects had difficulty in probing, but were able to produce viable eggs and to feed again. The utilization of the blood meal in the absence of saliva is discussed.

scholarly journals Starvation at the larval stage increases the vector competence of Aedes aegypti females for Zika virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0010003
Author(s):  
Christie S. Herd ◽  
DeAna G. Grant ◽  
Jingyi Lin ◽  
Alexander W. E. Franz
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Primary Vector ◽  
Blood Meal Digestion

Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus which typically presents itself as febrile-like symptoms in humans but can also cause neurological and pregnancy complications. The transmission cycle of mosquito-borne arboviruses such as ZIKV requires that various key tissues in the female mosquito including the salivary glands get productively infected with the virus before the mosquito can transmit the virus to another vertebrate host. Following ingestion of a viremic blood-meal from a vertebrate, ZIKV initially infects the midgut epithelium before exiting the midgut after blood-meal digestion to disseminate to secondary tissues including the salivary glands. Here we investigated whether smaller Ae. aegypti females resulting from food deprivation as larvae exhibited an altered vector competence for blood-meal acquired ZIKV relative to larger mosquitoes. Midguts from small ‘Starve’ and large ‘Control’ Ae. aegypti were dissected to visualize by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the midgut basal lamina (BL) as physical evidence for the midgut escape barrier showing Starve mosquitoes with a significantly thinner midgut BL than Control mosquitoes at two timepoints. ZIKV replication was inhibited in Starve mosquitoes following intrathoracic injection of virus, however, Starve mosquitoes exhibited a significantly higher midgut escape and population dissemination rate at 9 days post-infection (dpi) via blood-meal, with more virus present in saliva and head tissue than Control by 10 dpi and 14 dpi, respectively. These results indicate that Ae. aegypti developing under stressful conditions potentially exhibit higher midgut infection and dissemination rates for ZIKV as adults, Thus, variation in food intake as larvae is potentially a source for variable vector competence levels of the emerged adults for the virus.

scholarly journals Sequential Infection of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes with Chikungunya Virus and Zika Virus Enhances Early Zika Virus Transmission

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Magalhaes ◽  
Alexis Robison ◽  
Michael Young ◽  
William Black ◽  
Brian Foy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
Sequential Infection

In urban settings, chikungunya, Zika, and dengue viruses are transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Since these viruses co-circulate in several regions, coinfection in humans and vectors may occur, and human coinfections have been frequently reported. Yet, little is known about the molecular aspects of virus interactions within hosts and how they contribute to arbovirus transmission dynamics. We have previously shown that Aedes aegypti exposed to chikungunya and Zika viruses in the same blood meal can become coinfected and transmit both viruses simultaneously. However, mosquitoes may also become coinfected by multiple, sequential feeds on single infected hosts. Therefore, we tested whether sequential infection with chikungunya and Zika viruses impacts mosquito vector competence. We exposed Ae. aegypti mosquitoes first to one virus and 7 days later to the other virus and compared infection, dissemination, and transmission rates between sequentially and single infected groups. We found that coinfection rates were high after sequential exposure and that mosquitoes were able to co-transmit both viruses. Surprisingly, chikungunya virus coinfection enhanced Zika virus transmission 7 days after the second blood meal. Our data demonstrate heterologous arbovirus synergism within mosquitoes, by unknown mechanisms, leading to enhancement of transmission under certain conditions.

scholarly journals Environmental and Genetic Factors Determine Whether the Mosquito Aedes aegypti Lays Eggs Without a Blood Meal

2015 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina V. Ariani ◽  
Francis M. Jiggins ◽  
Jewelna Osei-Poku ◽  
Sophia C. L. Smith ◽  
Punita Juneja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Genetic Factors

scholarly journals The Fat Body Transcriptomes of the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti, Pre- and Post- Blood Meal

PLoS ONE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. e22573 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Price ◽  
Vijayaraj Nagarajan ◽  
Alexander Churbanov ◽  
Peter Houde ◽  
Brook Milligan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Yellow Fever Mosquito

scholarly journals Characterization of a vasodilator from the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti

1992 ◽  
Vol 165 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Aortic Ring ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Relative Molecular Mass ◽  
Vasodilatory Activity ◽  
Carboxy Terminal

Salivary gland homogenates and oil-induced saliva of the mosquito Aedes aegypti dilate the rabbit aortic ring and contract the guinea pig ileum. The vasodilatory activity is endothelium-dependent, heat-stable, sensitive to both trypsin and chymotrypsin treatments, and both smooth muscle activities cross-desensitize to the tachykinin peptide substance P. Both bioactivities co-elute when salivary gland homogenates are fractionated by reversed-phase HPLC. Molecular sieving chromatography indicates a relative molecular mass of 1400. A monoclonal antibody specific to the carboxy terminal region of tachykinins reacts with material in the posterior part of the central lobe of paraformaldehyde-fixed salivary glands. The presence of a vasodilatory peptide of the tachykinin family in the salivary glands of A. aegypti is proposed and its role in blood feeding is discussed.

Effect of Dirofilaria Immitis on Blood Meal Size and Fecundity in Aedes Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)1

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl C. Courtney ◽  
Bruce M. Christensen ◽  
Walter G. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Blood Meal Size

scholarly journals Transgene-mediated suppression of dengue viruses in the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito,Aedes aegypti

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mathur ◽  
I. Sanchez-Vargas ◽  
D. Alvarez ◽  
K. E. Olson ◽  
O. Marinotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Yellow Fever Mosquito ◽  
Dengue Viruses
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