SOME FUNCTIONS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF MOSQUITOES AND OTHER BLOOD-FEEDING INSECTS

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Gut Contents

Tests for anticoagulating, agglutinating, and lytic factors were performed on the gut contents of blood engorged specimens and on the salivary gland homogenates of several species of mosquitoes and other blood-feeding insects. The results suggest that these factors are commonly present in the salivary glands but may vary in concentration with the species. The anticoagulin was absent in female Aedes aegypti whose salivary ducts had been cut; some of the duct-cut insects had difficulty in probing, but were able to produce viable eggs and to feed again. The utilization of the blood meal in the absence of saliva is discussed.

scholarly journals Characterization of a vasodilator from the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti

1992 ◽  
Vol 165 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Aortic Ring ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Relative Molecular Mass ◽  
Vasodilatory Activity ◽  
Carboxy Terminal

Salivary gland homogenates and oil-induced saliva of the mosquito Aedes aegypti dilate the rabbit aortic ring and contract the guinea pig ileum. The vasodilatory activity is endothelium-dependent, heat-stable, sensitive to both trypsin and chymotrypsin treatments, and both smooth muscle activities cross-desensitize to the tachykinin peptide substance P. Both bioactivities co-elute when salivary gland homogenates are fractionated by reversed-phase HPLC. Molecular sieving chromatography indicates a relative molecular mass of 1400. A monoclonal antibody specific to the carboxy terminal region of tachykinins reacts with material in the posterior part of the central lobe of paraformaldehyde-fixed salivary glands. The presence of a vasodilatory peptide of the tachykinin family in the salivary glands of A. aegypti is proposed and its role in blood feeding is discussed.

scholarly journals High-Resolution Proteomics of Aedes Aegypti Salivary Glands Infected With DENV2, ZIKV and CHIKV Reveal Virus-Specific and Broad Antiviral Factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avisha Chowdhury ◽  
Cassandra Marie Modahl ◽  
Dorothée Misse ◽  
R. Manjunatha Kini ◽  
Julien Pompon
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Antiviral Protein ◽  
Uncharacterized Protein ◽  
Antiviral Function

Abstract Arboviruses such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses infect close to half a billion people per year, and are transmitted through Aedes aegypti bites. Infection-induced changes in mosquito salivary glands (SG) influence transmission by inducing immunity, which restricts virus replication, and by altering saliva composition, which influences skin infection. Here, we profiled SG responses to DENV2, ZIKV and CHIKV infections by using high-resolution quantitative proteomics. We identified 218 proteins related to immunity, blood-feeding or cellular machinery. We observed that 58, 27 and 29 proteins were regulated by DENV2, ZIKV and CHIKV infections, respectively. While the regulation patterns were mostly virus-specific, we determined the function of four uncharacterized proteins that were upregulated by all three viruses. We revealed the anti-ZIKV function of gamma-interferon responsive lysosomal thiol-like (GILT-like), the anti-CHIKV function of adenosine deaminase (ADA), the pro-ZIKV function of salivary gland surface protein 1 (SGS1) and the antiviral function against all three viruses of an uncharacterized protein we called salivary gland broad-spectrum antiviral protein (SGBAP). The comprehensive description of SG responses to three global pathogenic viruses and the identification of new restriction factors improves our understanding of the molecular mechanisms influencing transmission.

scholarly journals High resolution proteomics of Aedes aegypti salivary glands infected with either dengue, Zika or chikungunya viruses identify new virus specific and broad antiviral factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avisha Chowdhury ◽  
Cassandra M. Modahl ◽  
Dorothée Missé ◽  
R. Manjunatha Kini ◽  
Julien Pompon
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Antiviral Protein

AbstractArboviruses such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses infect close to half a billion people per year, and are primarily transmitted through Aedes aegypti bites. Infection-induced changes in mosquito salivary glands (SG) influence transmission by inducing antiviral immunity, which restricts virus replication in the vector, and by altering saliva composition, which influences skin infection. Here, we profiled SG proteome responses to DENV serotype 2 (DENV2), ZIKV and CHIKV infections by using high-resolution isobaric-tagged quantitative proteomics. We identified 218 proteins with putative functions in immunity, blood-feeding or related to the cellular machinery. We observed that 58, 27 and 29 proteins were regulated by DENV2, ZIKV and CHIKV infections, respectively. While the regulation patterns were mostly virus-specific, we separately depleted four uncharacterized proteins that were upregulated by all three viral infections to determine their effects on these viral infections. Our study suggests that gamma-interferon responsive lysosomal thiol-like (GILT-like) has an anti-ZIKV effect, adenosine deaminase (ADA) has an anti-CHIKV effect, salivary gland surface protein 1 (SGS1) has a pro-ZIKV effect and salivary gland broad-spectrum antiviral protein (SGBAP) has an antiviral effect against all three viruses. The comprehensive description of SG responses to three global pathogenic viruses and the identification of new restriction factors improves our understanding of the molecular mechanisms influencing transmission.

scholarly journals Salivary AsHPX12 influence pre-blood meal associated behavioral properties in the mosquito Anopheles stephensi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seena Kumari ◽  
Tanwee Das De ◽  
Charu Chauhan ◽  
Jyoti Rani ◽  
Sanjay Tevatiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Host Attraction ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Rnaseq Data ◽  
Transcriptional Modulation ◽  
Physiological Homeostasis

AbstractIn the adult female mosquito, successful blood meal acquisition is accomplished by salivary glands, which releases a cocktail of proteins to counteract vertebrate host’s immune-homeostasis. However, the biological relevance of many salivary proteins remains unknown. Here, we characterize a salivary specific Heme peroxidase family member HPX12, originally identified from Plasmodium vivax infected salivary RNAseq data of the mosquito Anopheles stephensi. We demonstrate that dsRNA silencing mediated mRNA depletion of salivary AsHPX12 (80-90%), causes enhanced host attraction but reduced blood-meal acquisition abilities, by increasing probing propensity (31%), as well as probing time (100–200s, P<0.0001) as compared to control (35-90s) mosquitoes group. Altered expression of the salivary secretory and antennal proteins may account for an unusual fast release of salivary cocktail proteins, but the slowing acquisition of blood meal, possibly due to salivary homeostasis disruption of AsHPX12 silenced mosquitoes. A parallel transcriptional modulation in response to blood feeding and P. vivax infection, further establish a possible functional correlation of AsHPX12 role in salivary immune-physiology and Plasmodium sporozoites survival/transmission. We propose that salivary HPX12 may have a vital role in the management of ‘pre- and post’-blood meal associated physiological-homeostasis and parasite transmission.Graphical abstractFigure 1:Schematic representation of mosquito’s blood meal acquisition and upshot on blood-feeding after silencing of salivary gland HPX-12. (A) After landing over host skin, mosquito mouthparts (proboscis) actively engaged to search, probe, and pierce the skin followed by a rapid release of the pre-synthesized salivary cocktail, which counteracts the host homeostasis, inflammation, and immune responses, during blood meal uptake. (B) Silencing of HPX-12 disrupts salivary gland homeostasis, enhancing mosquito attraction, possibly by up-regulating odorant-binding proteins genes-OBP-7,10 and OBP-20 expression in the Olfactory System. However, HPX-12 disruption may also cause significant effects on pre-blood meal associated probing abilities, which may be due to fast down-regulation of salivary cocktail proteins such as Anopheline, Apyrase, D7L proteins.

scholarly journals On the use of inhibitors of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase as a vector-selective insecticide in the control of mosquitoes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon A. V. Ramirez ◽  
Marcos Sterkel ◽  
Ademir de Jesus Martins ◽  
José Bento Pereira Lima ◽  
Pedro L. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Neurotoxic Insecticides

AbstractBlood-sucking insects incorporate many times their body weight of blood in a single meal. As proteins are the major component of vertebrate blood, its digestion in the gut of hematophagous insects generates extremely high concentrations of free amino acids. Previous reports showed that the tyrosine degradation pathway plays an essential role in adapting these animals to blood feeding. Inhibiting 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), the rate-limiting step of tyrosine degradation, results in the death of insects after a blood meal. Therefore, it was suggested that compounds that block the catabolism of tyrosine could act selectively on blood-feeding insects. Here we have evaluated the toxicity against mosquitoes of three HPPD inhibitors currently used as herbicides and in human health. Among the compounds tested, nitisinone (NTBC) proved to be more potent than mesotrione (MES) and isoxaflutole (IFT) in Aedes aegypti. NTBC was lethal to Ae. aegypti in artificial feeding assays (LD50: 4.36 µM), as well as in topical application (LD50: 0.0033 nmol/mosquito). NTBC was also lethal to Ae. aegypti populations that were resistant to neurotoxic insecticides, and it was lethal to other mosquito species (Anopheles and Culex). Therefore, HPPD inhibitors, particularly NTBC, represent promising new drugs for mosquito control. Since they only affect blood-feeding organisms, they would represent a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to conventional neurotoxic insecticides.Author SummaryThe control of mosquitoes has been pursued in the last decades by the use of neurotoxic insecticides to prevent the spreading of dengue, zika and malaria, among other diseases. However, the selection and propagation of different mechanisms of resistance hinder the success of these compounds. New methodologies are needed for their control. Hematophagous arthropods, including mosquitoes, ingest quantities of blood that represent many times their body weight in a single meal, releasing huge amounts of amino acids during digestion. Recent studies showed that inhibition of the tyrosine catabolism pathway could be a new selective target for vector control. Thus we tested three different inhibitors of the second enzyme in the tyrosine degradation pathway as tools for mosquito control. Results showed that Nitisinone (NTBC), an inhibitor used in medicine, was the most potent of them. NTBC was lethal to Aedes aegypti when it was administered together with the blood meal and when it was topically applied. It also caused the death of Anopheles aquasalis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, as well as field-collected Aedes populations resistant to neurotoxic insecticides, indicating that there is no cross-resistance. We discuss the possible use of NTBC as a new insecticide.

scholarly journals Hormone-dependent activation and repression of microRNAs by the ecdysone receptor in the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (26) ◽  
pp. e2102417118
Author(s):  
Ya-Zhou He ◽  
Emre Aksoy ◽  
Yike Ding ◽  
Alexander S. Raikhel
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mirna Expression ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Small Rna Sequencing ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Ecdysone Receptor ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase

Female mosquitoes transmit numerous devastating human diseases because they require vertebrate blood meal for egg development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles across multiple reproductive processes in female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. However, how miRNAs are controlled to coordinate their activity with the demands of mosquito reproduction remains largely unknown. We report that the ecdysone receptor (EcR)–mediated 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling regulates miRNA expression in female mosquitoes. EcR RNA-interference silencing linked to small RNA-sequencing analysis reveals that EcR not only activates but also represses miRNA expression in the female mosquito fat body, a functional analog of the vertebrate liver. EcR directly represses the expression of clustered miR-275 and miR-305 before blood feeding when the 20E titer is low, whereas it activates their expression in response to the increased 20E titer after a blood meal. Furthermore, we find that SMRTER, an insect analog of the vertebrate nuclear receptor corepressors SMRT and N-CoR, interacts with EcR in a 20E-sensitive manner and is required for EcR-mediated repression of miRNA expression in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. In addition, we demonstrate that miR-275 and miR-305 directly target glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase and AAEL009899, respectively, to facilitate egg development. This study reveals a mechanism for how miRNAs are controlled by the 20E signaling pathway to coordinate their activity with the demands of mosquito reproduction.

scholarly journals The salivary catechol oxidase/peroxidase activities of the mosquito Anopheles albimanus

1993 ◽  
Vol 179 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-287
Author(s):  
J. M. Ribeiro ◽  
R. H. Nussenzveig
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Relative Molecular Mass ◽  
Catechol Oxidase ◽  
Anopheles Albimanus ◽  
Tissue Destruction

Salivary gland homogenates from adult female Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes relaxed aortic rings preconstricted with noradrenaline (NA). This relaxation is slow and is due to destruction of NA. Incubation of NA with the homogenate yielded a product with a spectrum consistent with the corresponding adrenochrome. Oxidation of NA was enhanced by a superoxide generation system and inhibited by the combined action of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Additionally, peroxidase activity on both synthetic (o-dianisidine) and biologically active (serotonin) substrates was also present in the salivary gland homogenates, this latter activity requiring hydrogen peroxide. Noradrenaline oxidation, serotonin and o-dianisidine peroxidation and vasodilation all co-elute with a heme protein of relative molecular mass 50,000, as determined by molecular sieving chromatography. Peroxidase activity was localized in the posterior (female-specific) lobes of salivary glands and was also detected in nitrocellulose membranes probed by hungry mosquitoes. Protein and peroxidase activities were significantly lower in salivary glands of mosquitoes after probing and feeding on blood. It is suggested that adult female Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes contain a salivary heme peroxidase that functions during blood finding and blood feeding by destroying hemostatically active biogenic amines released by the vertebrate host during tissue destruction.

scholarly journals Mating and blood-feeding induce transcriptome changes in the spermathecae of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Camargo ◽  
Yasir H. Ahmed-Braimah ◽  
I. Alexandra Amaro ◽  
Laura C. Harrington ◽  
Mariana F. Wolfner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Sperm Storage ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Heme Peroxidase ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the primary vectors of numerous viruses that impact human health. As manipulation of reproduction has been proposed to suppress mosquito populations, elucidation of biological processes that enable males and females to successfully reproduce is necessary. One essential process is female sperm storage in specialized structures called spermathecae. Aedes aegypti females typically mate once, requiring them to maintain sperm viably to fertilize eggs they lay over their lifetime. Spermathecal gene products are required for Drosophila sperm storage and sperm viability, and a spermathecal-derived heme peroxidase is required for long-term Anopheles gambiae fertility. Products of the Ae. aegypti spermathecae, and their response to mating, are largely unknown. Further, although female blood-feeding is essential for anautogenous mosquito reproduction, the transcriptional response to blood-ingestion remains undefined in any reproductive tissue. We conducted an RNAseq analysis of spermathecae from unfed virgins, mated only, and mated and blood-fed females at 6, 24, and 72 h post-mating and identified significant differentially expressed genes in each group at each timepoint. A blood-meal following mating induced a greater transcriptional response in the spermathecae than mating alone. This study provides the first view of elicited mRNA changes in the spermathecae by a blood-meal in mated females.

Salivary glands of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi contain pharmacologically active amounts of adenosine and 5′-AMP

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (11) ◽  
pp. 1551-1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Ribeiro ◽  
O. Katz ◽  
L.K. Pannell ◽  
J. Waitumbi ◽  
A. Warburg
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Phosphatase Substrate ◽  
Allosteric Modification

Salivary gland homogenates of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi contain large amounts of adenosine and 5′-AMP, of the order of 1 nmol per pair of glands, as demonstrated by liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectrometry, mass spectrometry and bioassays. These purines, 75–80 % of which are secreted from the glands following a blood meal, have vasodilatory and anti-platelet activities and probably help the fly to obtain a blood meal. Salivary 5′-AMP is also responsible for the previously reported protein phosphatase inhibitor in the salivary glands of P. papatasi, which is shown to be artifactual in nature as a result of allosteric modification by AMP of the phosphatase substrate used (phosphorylase a).

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