THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE ON PROTEINASE BIOSYNTHESIS BY STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS VAR. LIQUEFACIENS

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1445-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Swiencicki ◽  
Ronald E. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Streptococcus Faecalis ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Chemically Defined Media ◽  
Defined Media ◽  
Enzyme Biosynthesis

The effect of O2and CO2on proteinase biosynthesis by nonproliferating cells of Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens in chemically defined media were studied. In the absence of CO2, O2(1% in N2) stimulated proteinase formation by promoting earlier synthesis and by increasing the rate of enzyme biosynthesis. Carbon dioxide under anaerobic conditions only enhanced the rate of proteinase synthesis. The stimulatory effect of the two gases was not additive. Glucose supported a greater yield of proteinase than galactose under all conditions of O2and CO2availability. Galactose was stimulatory in the presence of glucose only under aerobic conditions (1% O2in N2) when atmospheric CO2was removed. Oxygen at the 20% level inhibited proteinase formation by increasing the rate of arginine disappearance from the medium.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: VII. FERMENTATION OF WHEAT BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Mechanical Agitation ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Ethanol Formation ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

Aeration by mechanical agitation of 15% wheat mash fermented by Aerobacillus polymyxa inhibited the formation of 2,3-butanediol and particularly of ethanol. Aeration of similar mashes by passage of finely dispersed air or oxygen at the rate of 333 ml. per minute per litre of mash increased the rate of formation and yield of 2,3-butanediol but inhibited ethanol formation. However, the over-all time required for the completion of fermentation was not shortened from the usual 72 to 96 hr. required for unaerated mashes. There was no evidence of a shift from fermentative to oxidative dissimilation. Under aerobic conditions, the final butanediol–ethanol ratio was approximately 3:1. Anaerobic conditions, as produced by the passage of nitrogen or hydrogen through the mash, increased the rate of formation of both butanediol and ethanol and shortened the fermentation time to about 48 hr. Under these conditions, the butanediol–ethanol ratio was reduced to about 1.3:1.0. Carbon dioxide gave a butanediol–ethanol ratio resembling that of anaerobic fermentation but did not reduce fermentation time.

The metabolism of glucose and pyruvate in rat retina

1962 ◽  
Vol 156 (963) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Total Glucose

The metabolism of [U- 14 C]glucose and [3- 14 C]pyruvate in the adult rat retina is described. In vitro under aerobic conditions, in either phosphate or bicarbonate medium, glucose was converted into lactate, carbon dioxide, glutamate, γ -aminobutyrate, aspartate, glutamine and alanine. Under anaerobic conditions, total glucose metabolized was reduced to 60 to 70% of that under aerobic conditions, lactic acid being the only metabolic product detected. Under aerobic conditions [3- 14 C]pyruvate was converted by the retina into the same metabolites as was glucose. The quantitative data for oxygen uptake and 14 CO 2 formation were similar to those obtained with glucose as substrate; lactate production was lower and amino acid formation higher.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXV. DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BY BACTERIA OF THE GENUS SERRATIA

1948 ◽  
Vol 26b (3) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish ◽  
A. C. Blackwood ◽  
Florence M. Robertson ◽  
G. A. Ledingham
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Hydrogen Formation ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Typical Strain ◽  
Different Strains

The genus Serratia may be divided into three groups on the basis of three characteristic fermentations found under anaerobic conditions. The first group, comprised of all strains of S. marcescens, S. anolium, and S. indica tested and one strain named S. kielensis, dissimilates glucose as follows: C6H12O6 → CH3CHOHCHOHCH3 + HCOOH + CO2. The second group, containing S. plymouthensis and some unnamed strains, dissimilates glucose according to the equation: C6H12O6 → CH3CHOHCHOHCH3 + 2CO2 + H2. The third group containing only the most typical strain of S. kielensis carries out the reaction: C6H12O6 + 2H2O → 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 4H2. These reactions account for approximately one-half of the glucose utilized, the remainder being accounted for chiefly by the ethanol and lactic acid fermentations which are found in varying proportions with different strains. All strains form some succinic acid, probably by carbon dioxide fixation. Under aerobic conditions carbon dioxide formation is stimulated, chiefly at the expense of formic acid with organisms of the first group, while hydrogen formation by organisms of the second and third groups is depressed.

PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND VOLATILE ACIDS BY MUSCLE FROM ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1009-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Harpur ◽  
W. R. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chromatographic Procedure ◽  
Specific Fraction

Under anaerobic conditions the production of carbon dioxide by chopped ascaris muscle is enhanced by the presence of carbon dioxide. This effect is not due to a lowering of the pH since raising the pH actually increases the effect. In addition to manometric measurements changes in the volatile acids were studied. Since the chromatographic procedure employed did not distinguish between isomers, the acid fractions have been designated by the number of carbon atoms contained by the acid normally eluted in each specific fraction. When minced or chopped muscle is incubated in an atmosphere of N2/CO2, 93/7, there is an increase in the C5and C4acid fractions in addition to a small but significant increase in the C2acid fraction. The ratio of C5produced to CO2evolved is 1:3. On the other hand the C3and C2acid fractions are increased under aerobic conditions.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XVII. FERMENTATION OF GLUCOSE BY STRAINS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS

1947 ◽  
Vol 25b (1) ◽  
pp. 56-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Blackwood ◽  
A. C. Neish ◽  
W. E. Brown ◽  
G. A. Ledingham
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Ferment Glucose

Under aerobic conditions both the Marburg and Ford types of Bacillus subtilis dissimilate glucose, giving carbon dioxide, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol as the main products, and small amounts of glycerol and acetic, formic, lactic, and n-butyric acids. The Ford type cultures dissimilate the sugar more rapidly and also give a small amount of ethanol.Under anaerobic conditions Marburg type cultures will not ferment glucose while the Ford type cultures dissimilate it as rapidly as they do under aerobic conditions. Some strains give 2,3-butanediol, glycerol, and carbon dioxide as the major products while others give chiefly lactic acid. As much as 86% and as little as 8% of the glucose was converted to 2,3-butanediol plus glycerol. The 2,3-butanediol was a mixture of 65% meso- and 35% levo-isomers, while the lactic acid was approximately 90% dextro-isomer in most cases.It is suggested that the Ford type deserves separate species rank.

PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND VOLATILE ACIDS BY MUSCLE FROM ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1009-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Harpur ◽  
W. R. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chromatographic Procedure ◽  
Specific Fraction

Under anaerobic conditions the production of carbon dioxide by chopped ascaris muscle is enhanced by the presence of carbon dioxide. This effect is not due to a lowering of the pH since raising the pH actually increases the effect. In addition to manometric measurements changes in the volatile acids were studied. Since the chromatographic procedure employed did not distinguish between isomers, the acid fractions have been designated by the number of carbon atoms contained by the acid normally eluted in each specific fraction. When minced or chopped muscle is incubated in an atmosphere of N2/CO2, 93/7, there is an increase in the C5and C4acid fractions in addition to a small but significant increase in the C2acid fraction. The ratio of C5produced to CO2evolved is 1:3. On the other hand the C3and C2acid fractions are increased under aerobic conditions.

The Reaction of Thiol Compounds with the Vitamin-K Dependent Clotting Factors

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 573-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Fantl
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Clotting Factors ◽  
Thiol Compounds ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Factor Ii ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
The One

SummaryTreatment of human and dog oxalated plasma with 0.2 to 1.0 × 10−1 M 2.3-dithiopropanol (BAL) or dithiothreitol (DTT) at 2–4° C for 30 min results in the reduction of the vitamin-K dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX and X to the respective-SH derivatives. The reaction is pH dependent. Under aerobic conditions the delayed one stage prothrombin time can be partly reversed. Under anaerobic conditions a gradual prolongation of the one stage prothrombin time occurs without reversal.In very diluted plasma treated with the dithiols, prothrombin can be converted into thrombin if serum as source of active factors VII and X is added. In contrast SH factors VII, IX and X are inactive in the specific tests. Reoxidation to active factors II, VII, IX and X takes place during adsorption and elution of the SH derivatives. The experiments have indicated that not only factor II but also factors VII, IX and X have active-S-S-centres.

Performance of aerobic granular sludge at variable circulation rate in anaerobic–aerobic conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2252-2257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasnida Harun ◽  
Aznah Nor Anuar ◽  
Zaini Ujang ◽  
Noor Hasyimah Rosman ◽  
Inawati Othman
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Granular Sludge ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Aerobic Granular Sludge ◽  
Circulation Rate ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Mixed Liquor

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has been applied to treat a broad range of industrial and municipal wastewater. AGS can be developed in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with alternating anaerobic–aerobic conditions. To provide anaerobic conditions, the mixed liquor is allowed to circulate in the reactor without air supply. The circulation flow rate of mixed liquor in anaerobic condition is the most important parameter of operation in the anaerobic-AGS processes. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of circulation rate on the performance of the SBR with AGS. Two identical reactors namely R1 and R2 were operated using fermented soy sauce wastewater at circulation rate of 14.4 and 36.0 l/h, respectively. During the anaerobic conditions, the wastewater was pumped out from the upper part of the reactor and circulated back into the bottom of the reactor for 230 min. A compact and dense AGS was observed in both reactors with a similar diameter of 2.0 mm in average, although different circulation rates were adopted. The best reactor performance was achieved in R2 with chemical oxygen demand removal rate of 89%, 90% total phosphorus removal, 79% ammonia removal, 10.1 g/l of mixed liquor suspended solids and a sludge volume index of 25 ml/g.

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