PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXV. DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BY BACTERIA OF THE GENUS SERRATIA

1948 ◽  
Vol 26b (3) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish ◽  
A. C. Blackwood ◽  
Florence M. Robertson ◽  
G. A. Ledingham
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Hydrogen Formation ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Typical Strain ◽  
Different Strains

The genus Serratia may be divided into three groups on the basis of three characteristic fermentations found under anaerobic conditions. The first group, comprised of all strains of S. marcescens, S. anolium, and S. indica tested and one strain named S. kielensis, dissimilates glucose as follows: C6H12O6 → CH3CHOHCHOHCH3 + HCOOH + CO2. The second group, containing S. plymouthensis and some unnamed strains, dissimilates glucose according to the equation: C6H12O6 → CH3CHOHCHOHCH3 + 2CO2 + H2. The third group containing only the most typical strain of S. kielensis carries out the reaction: C6H12O6 + 2H2O → 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 4H2. These reactions account for approximately one-half of the glucose utilized, the remainder being accounted for chiefly by the ethanol and lactic acid fermentations which are found in varying proportions with different strains. All strains form some succinic acid, probably by carbon dioxide fixation. Under aerobic conditions carbon dioxide formation is stimulated, chiefly at the expense of formic acid with organisms of the first group, while hydrogen formation by organisms of the second and third groups is depressed.

DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS (FORD'S STRAIN)

1945 ◽  
Vol 23b (6) ◽  
pp. 290-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish ◽  
A. C. Blackwood ◽  
G. A. Ledingham
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions

Ford's strain of Bacillus subtilis (N.C.T.C. 2586) dissimilated glucose mainly to 2,3-butanediol and glycerol under anaerobic conditions at pH 6.2 to 6.8. For each 100 moles of glucose fermented, 57 moles of 2,3-butanediol, 40 moles of glycerol, 20 moles of lactic acid, 13 moles of ethanol, and 5 moles of formic acid were produced. Aerobic conditions favoured formation of 2,3-butanediol and acetoin, oxidation of the substrate, and formation of acetic and butyric acids, but greatly depressed the amount of glycerol and lactic acid formed. In alkaline media (pH 7.5), acids were formed at the expense of the diol and glycerol.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XVIII. DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BY SERRATIA MARCESCENS

1947 ◽  
Vol 25b (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish ◽  
F. M. Robertson ◽  
A. C. Blackwood ◽  
G. A. Ledingham
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions

Four strains of Serratia marcescens were found to dissimilate glucose under anaerobic conditions, producing 2,3-butanediol according to the equation: C6H12O6 → CH3∙CHOH∙CHOH∙CH3 + HCOOH + CO2. Under aerobic conditions little formic acid was produced and the reaction became [Formula: see text]. These reactions accounted for 40 to 60% of the glucose. The remainder was fermented to lactic acid (5 to 25%), ethanol (10 to 20%) and glycerol (1 to 4%). The lactic acid produced was 95 to 97% of the levo-isomer; the 2,3-butanediol was a meso-dextro mixture containing about 2% of the dextro-isomer.

The metabolism of glucose and pyruvate in rat retina

1962 ◽  
Vol 156 (963) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Total Glucose

The metabolism of [U- 14 C]glucose and [3- 14 C]pyruvate in the adult rat retina is described. In vitro under aerobic conditions, in either phosphate or bicarbonate medium, glucose was converted into lactate, carbon dioxide, glutamate, γ -aminobutyrate, aspartate, glutamine and alanine. Under anaerobic conditions, total glucose metabolized was reduced to 60 to 70% of that under aerobic conditions, lactic acid being the only metabolic product detected. Under aerobic conditions [3- 14 C]pyruvate was converted by the retina into the same metabolites as was glucose. The quantitative data for oxygen uptake and 14 CO 2 formation were similar to those obtained with glucose as substrate; lactate production was lower and amino acid formation higher.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XVII. FERMENTATION OF GLUCOSE BY STRAINS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS

1947 ◽  
Vol 25b (1) ◽  
pp. 56-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Blackwood ◽  
A. C. Neish ◽  
W. E. Brown ◽  
G. A. Ledingham
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Ferment Glucose

Under aerobic conditions both the Marburg and Ford types of Bacillus subtilis dissimilate glucose, giving carbon dioxide, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol as the main products, and small amounts of glycerol and acetic, formic, lactic, and n-butyric acids. The Ford type cultures dissimilate the sugar more rapidly and also give a small amount of ethanol.Under anaerobic conditions Marburg type cultures will not ferment glucose while the Ford type cultures dissimilate it as rapidly as they do under aerobic conditions. Some strains give 2,3-butanediol, glycerol, and carbon dioxide as the major products while others give chiefly lactic acid. As much as 86% and as little as 8% of the glucose was converted to 2,3-butanediol plus glycerol. The 2,3-butanediol was a mixture of 65% meso- and 35% levo-isomers, while the lactic acid was approximately 90% dextro-isomer in most cases.It is suggested that the Ford type deserves separate species rank.

scholarly journals The enzymes of B. Coli communis which are concerned in the decomposition of glucose and mannitol. Part IV. —The fermentation of glucose in the presence of formic acid

1920 ◽  
Vol 91 (640) ◽  
pp. 294-305 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Glucose Molecule

In this series of communications the writer is endeavouring to show how, by varying the conditions of the experiment, it is possible to alter the proportion between the products which arise from the fermentation of glucoseand allied substances, and to point out how, by a consideration of the manner in which these products group themselves, conclusions may be drawn as to the order in which such products arise during the degradation of the glucose molecule. Substances which can be shown to arise in constant proportions under varying conditions of experiment may be considered as being produced by one and the same enzyme. In Parts II and III it was shown that the formation of lactic acid by B . coli communis ran a separate course to that of the other products, so that it may be regarded as being produced by a separate enzyme, but the other products of the fermentation, viz., succinic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, and alcohol, together with the gaseous products of the decomposition of formic acid, i. e ., carbon dioxide and hydrogen, all appeared to be grouped together and to form an alternative course for the decomposition of the glucose.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: VII. FERMENTATION OF WHEAT BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Mechanical Agitation ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Ethanol Formation ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

Aeration by mechanical agitation of 15% wheat mash fermented by Aerobacillus polymyxa inhibited the formation of 2,3-butanediol and particularly of ethanol. Aeration of similar mashes by passage of finely dispersed air or oxygen at the rate of 333 ml. per minute per litre of mash increased the rate of formation and yield of 2,3-butanediol but inhibited ethanol formation. However, the over-all time required for the completion of fermentation was not shortened from the usual 72 to 96 hr. required for unaerated mashes. There was no evidence of a shift from fermentative to oxidative dissimilation. Under aerobic conditions, the final butanediol–ethanol ratio was approximately 3:1. Anaerobic conditions, as produced by the passage of nitrogen or hydrogen through the mash, increased the rate of formation of both butanediol and ethanol and shortened the fermentation time to about 48 hr. Under these conditions, the butanediol–ethanol ratio was reduced to about 1.3:1.0. Carbon dioxide gave a butanediol–ethanol ratio resembling that of anaerobic fermentation but did not reduce fermentation time.

The Relations Between Yolk and White in the Hen'S Egg

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-329
Author(s):  
JOSEPH NEEDHAM ◽  
MARJORY STEPHENSON ◽  
DOROTHY MOYLE NEEDHAM
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Vitelline Membrane ◽  
Aerobic Respiration ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Hen’S Egg

1. The vitelline membrane of the infertile hen's egg exhibits no dehydrase activity. 2. The vitelline membrane has no measurable aerobic respiration in vitro, nor has the yolk of the infertile egg. This confirms the view that the carbon dioxide production of the intact egg is not the result of any true respiration. 3. When incubated anaerobically in vitro, bacteriologically sterile yolk produces consistently small amounts of lactic acid. 4. This glycolysis is not the result of any catalytic activity of the vitelline membrane, but takes place throughout the substance of the yolk. 5. Under similar conditions, bacteriologically sterile yolk produces small amounts of a substance or substances estimatable as ethyl alcohol. 6. If the yolk suspension is bacterially contaminated, however, lactic acid and alcohol are produced in amounts closely similar to those found by earlier workers on this subject. 7. The heat of glycolysis, under anaerobic conditions, calculated from the amounts of lactic acid experimentally found to be formed, is of the same order as (a) the calculated requirement of the vitelline membrane (Straub), and (b) the observed heat production (Langworthy and Barott). Thus even if the vitelline membrane is capable of using energy to do osmotic work, the yolk is only capable of supplying it by means of its glycolytic mechanism if the whole energy output of the whole yolk can be made available for doing work at the membrane.

The Respiratory Metabolism of Dendrostomum cymodoceae Edmonds (Sipunculoidea)

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Respiratory Metabolism ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Paraffin Oil ◽  
End Products ◽  
Wet Weight

The consumption of oxygen of Dendrostomum cymodoceae at 22'C in aerated sea-water varied from 4-5-5.5 μl/g (wet weight)/hr for adults to 20-31 μ/g/hr for juveniles. The production of carbon dioxide was 13-17 μ/g/hr (juveniles) and the R.Q. varied from 0.55 to 0.67 (juveniles). The rate of consunlption of oxygen decreased as the tension of the dissolved oxygen decreased. The oxygen combined with the pigment of the blood was 2.1 vols. of oxygen per 100 vols. of blood and the ratio of blood volume (ml) to total weight (g) of the animal was 0.47. D. cymodoceae was able to live under anaerobic conditions in sea-water for as long as 5 days and in paraffin oil for 4 days. The haemerythrin in the blood of animals kept under oil was found to be reduced after about 6 hr. Lactic acid was identified as one of the end-products of anaerobiosis. The concentration of lactic acid in the blood of animals living under anaerobic conditions increased after 60 hr from 7-12 to 46-61 μg/ml of blood. The ability to revert to anaerobiosis may have survival value for the species.

Bacteriology and Retail Case Life of Pork After Storage in Carbon Dioxide

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 689-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. GREER ◽  
B. D. DILTS ◽  
L. E. JEREMIAH
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Aerobic Growth ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Controlled Atmospheres ◽  
Brochothrix Thermosphacta ◽  
Retail Display

The effects of prolonged, anoxic storage, under CO2 at −1.5°C, upon the bacteriology and case life of pork on its subsequent transfer to the aerobic conditions of simulated retail display at 8°C was examined. Brochothrix thermosphacta, lactic acid bacteria, enterics, and pseudomonads were enumerated. Panel scores for odor and appearance acceptability were used to quantify retail case life. Lactic acid bacteria were the only bacteria found during loin storage in CO2 for up to 24 weeks. Those organisms reached maximum number of 107 CFU/cm2 within 9 weeks. The number of lactic acid bacteria initially found on the freshly cut surfaces of loin chops increased linearly during the first 9 weeks of loin storage in CO2. Thereafter, they continued to grow on the chops and dominated the spoilage flora during retail display. The pseudomonads grew rapidly and emerged as the next most numerous organism, while B. thermosphacta and enterics showed only limited aerobic growth. The acceptability of pork chop appearance and odor was adversely affected by loin storage time. Each 6-week interval of loin storage produced a 1 d reduction in case life. Should controlled atmospheres be a practicable means of meat distribution to the retail marketplace, efforts will be necessary to assure a maximum case life after their removal from preservative packagings.

Production of succinic acid and lactic acid by Corynebacterium crenatum under anaerobic conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoju Chen ◽  
Shaotong Jiang ◽  
Xingjiang Li ◽  
Lijun Pan ◽  
Zhi Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Corynebacterium Crenatum
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