CELL WALL REPLICATION: II. CELL WALL GROWTH AND CROSS WALL FORMATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS

1964 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Chung ◽  
R. Z. Hawirko ◽  
P. K. Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cross Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Growth ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Rapid Enlargement ◽  
Wall Growth ◽  
Polar Type

Cell wall replication in E. coli and S. faecalis was studied by differential labelling of living cells with fluorescent and non-fluorescent antibody.In E. coli the initial step in cell division was the formation of a cross wall at the cell equator, followed by the appearance of new cell wall on either side of the cross wall. The process was repeated in sequence at subsequent sites in the polar, the subcentral, and the subpolar areas. Constriction occurred at random so that the divided parent cells were composed of several daughter cells.A polar type of unidirectional cell wall growth and elongation was also observed in E. coli. It was initiated by the synthesis of a ring of new cell wall material around the polar tip. A second ring was then formed at the subpolar area during the rapid enlargement of the first ring in a single direction.Evidence shows that cell wall synthesis is independent of cell division and that in E. coli, it is initiated at multiple but specific sites within the cell and not by diffuse intercalation of old and new walls.Contrary to the synthesis of cell wall at multiple sites in E. coli, S. faecalis replicated new cell wall at only one site per coccus. The new wall segment was initiated and enlarged at the coccal equator, and was followed by the formation of a cross wall, centripetal growth and constriction to separate the daughter cells.

Ultrastructure of a marine psychrophilic Vibrio

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1027-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Kennedy ◽  
R. R. Colwell ◽  
G. B. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cross Wall ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Culture Age ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Age Studies

The structure of Vibrio marinus strain PS-207 was studied by both phase and electron microscopy. It was found to possess a trilaminar plasma membrane and cell wall. Membrane-bounded subunits containing DNA-like material were found dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Giant round forms or "macrospheres" were observed in all growth stages. The size, shape, and construction of the "macrospheres" showed some variation, but could not be related to culture age. Studies of cell division in V. marinus strain PS-207 indicate the primary mechanism to be a synthesis and centripetal deposition of plasma membrane with a concomitant or subsequent synthesis and centripetal deposition of cross wall material.

scholarly journals The Mode of Cell Wall Growth in Selected Archaea Is Similar to the General Mode of Cell Wall Growth in Bacteria as Revealed by Fluorescent Dye Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 1556-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard Wirth ◽  
Annett Bellack ◽  
Markus Bertl ◽  
Yvonne Bilek ◽  
Thomas Heimerl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Pyrococcus Furiosus ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Growth ◽  
Archaeal Species ◽  
Dye Analysis ◽  
Wall Growth ◽  
Methanopyrus Kandleri

ABSTRACTThe surfaces of 8 bacterial and 23 archaeal species, including many hyperthermophilicArchaea, could be stained using succinimidyl esters of fluorescent dyes. This allowed us for the first time to analyze the mode of cell wall growth inArchaeaby subculturing stained cells. The data obtained show that incorporation of new cell wall material inArchaeafollows the pattern observed forBacteria: in the coccoid speciesPyrococcus furiosusincorporation was in the region of septum formation while for the rod-shaped speciesMethanopyrus kandleriandMethanothermus sociabilis, a diffuse incorporation of cell wall material over the cell length was observed. Cell surface appendages like fimbriae/pili, fibers, or flagella were detectable by fluorescence staining only in a very few cases although their presence was proven by electron microscopy. Our data in addition prove that Alexa Fluor dyes can be used forin situanalyses at temperatures up to 100°C.

scholarly journals Probing bacterial cell wall growth by tracing wall-anchored protein complexes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Jen Sun ◽  
Fan Bai ◽  
An-Chi Luo ◽  
Xiang-Yu Zhuang ◽  
Tsai-Shun Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Bernoulli Shift ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Cell Wall Growth ◽  
Flagellar Motors ◽  
Shift Map ◽  
Dynamic Assembly ◽  
Wall Growth

AbstractThe dynamic assembly of the cell wall is key to the maintenance of cell shape during bacterial growth. Here, we present a method for the analysis of Escherichia coli cell wall growth at high spatial and temporal resolution, which is achieved by tracing the movement of fluorescently labeled cell wall-anchored flagellar motors. Using this method, we clearly identify the active and inert zones of cell wall growth during bacterial elongation. Within the active zone, the insertion of newly synthesized peptidoglycan occurs homogeneously in the axial direction without twisting of the cell body. Based on the measured parameters, we formulate a Bernoulli shift map model to predict the partitioning of cell wall-anchored proteins following cell division.

scholarly journals Cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant enlargement

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Chara Corallina ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Green Plants ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Wall Growth

Recently discovered reactions allow the green alga Chara corallina (Klien ex. Willd., em. R.D.W.) to grow well without the benefit of xyloglucan or rhamnogalactan II in its cell wall. Growth rates are controlled by polygalacturonic acid (pectate) bound with calcium in the primary wall, and the reactions remove calcium from these bonds when new pectate is supplied. The removal appears to occur preferentially in bonds distorted by wall tension produced by the turgor pressure (P). The loss of calcium accelerates irreversible wall extension if P is above a critical level. The new pectate (now calcium pectate) then binds to the wall and decelerates wall extension, depositing new wall material on and within the old wall. Together, these reactions create a non-enzymatic but stoichiometric link between wall growth and wall deposition. In green plants, pectate is one of the most conserved components of the primary wall, and it is therefore proposed that the acceleration-deceleration-wall deposition reactions are of wide occurrence likely to underlie growth in virtually all green plants. C. corallina is one of the closest relatives of the progenitors of terrestrial plants, and this review focuses on the pectate reactions and how they may fit existing theories of plant growth.

Localisation of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe rho1p GTPase and its involvement in the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton

1997 ◽  
Vol 110 (20) ◽  
pp. 2547-2555 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Arellano ◽  
A. Duran ◽  
P. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Schizosaccharomyces Pombe ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Cortical Actin ◽  
Glucan Synthase ◽  
Cell Wall Growth ◽  
Wall Growth ◽  
Mutant Cells

The Schizosaccharomyces pombe rho1p GTPase directly activates the (1–3) beta-D-glucan synthase and participates in the regulation of cell wall growth and morphogenesis in this fission yeast. Indirect immunofluorescence experiments using rho1p tagged with hemagglutinin have revealed that rho1p was located at the growing tips during interphase and at the septum prior to cytokinesis, localising to the same areas as actin patches. In S. pombe cdc10-129 mutant cells, arrested in G1, HA-rho1p accumulates at one tip whereas in cdc25-22 mutants, arrested in G2, HA-rho1p accumulates at both tips. In tea1-1 and tea2-1 cdc11-119 mutant cells, HA-rho1p is localised to the new growing tips. Overexpression of different rho1 mutant alleles caused different effects on cortical actin patch distribution, (1–3) beta-D-glucan synthase activation, and sensitivity to cell wall specific antifungal drugs. These results indicate that multiple cellular components are activated by rho1p. Overexpression of the dominant negative rho1T20N allele was lethal as was the rho1+ deletion. Moreover, when rho1+ expression was repressed in actively growing S. pombe, cells died in about 10 to 12 hours. Under these conditions, normal cell morphology was maintained but the level of (1–3) beta-D-glucan synthase activity decreased and the actin patches disappeared. Most cells lysed after cytokinesis during the process of separation, and lysis was not prevented by an osmotic stabiliser. We conclude that rho1p localisation is restricted to growth areas and regulated during the cell cycle and that rho1p is involved in cell wall growth and actin cytoskeleton organisation in S. pombe.

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