THE USE OF GAMMA RADIATION FOR THE PREPARATION OF VIRUS VACCINES

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Polley
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Neutralization Techniques ◽  
Hemagglutination Titer

A protective agent such as histidine or sodium p-aminohippurate was added to purified suspensions of influenza and mumps viruses. It was then possible to inactivate them in about an hour with gamma radiation while retaining most of the hemagglutination titer. It was demonstrated in mice that a vaccine prepared from a mouse-adapted virus (Shope's swine influenza strain of influenza A) conferred protection against challenge by the live virus and produced an antibody response as measured by the hemagglutination–inhibition technique. Vaccines prepared with the viruses of influenza A(PR8), influenza B, and mumps were shown to produce antibody responses in guinea pigs as measured by the hemagglutination–inhibition and serum neutralization techniques. With gamma radiation it was possible to prepare influenza and mumps virus vaccines quickly and with precise control of the inactivation. This work is being continued with other viruses.

PREPARATION OF NON-INFECTIVE SOLUBLE ANTIGENS WITH GAMMA RADIATION

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Polley
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Calculated Amount

The use of gamma radiation from a cobalt-60 cell for the preparation of non-infective diagnostic antigens for influenza A, influenza B, mumps, smallpox, and herpes simplex has been investigated. It was found possible to destroy the infectivity while retaining most of the complement-fixing activity of all these antigens. The degree of purity of the antigen had no apparent effect on the rate of inactivation, as is the case when formaldehyde is used. Under the experimental conditions described, the degree of inactivation depended on the total amount of radiation applied and not on the dose rate. The kinetics of virus inactivation make it possible to calculate the amount of radiation required to destroy infectivity completely and yet retain most of the antigenicity. If necessary it is possible to apply an additional calculated amount of radiation to destroy residual infectivity without causing loss of antigenicity. Gamma radiation appears to be superior to formaldehyde treatment for the preparation of the herpes simplex antigen which is particularly sensitive to heat and to formaldehyde.

scholarly journals Hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers as a correlate of protection against influenza disease in the 2018/2019 epidemic season in Poland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina Hallmann-Szelińska ◽  
Karol Szymański ◽  
Katarzyna Łuniewska ◽  
Katarzyna Kondratiuk ◽  
Lidia Bernadeta Brydak
Keyword(s):  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Epidemic Season ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽  
Inhibition Antibody

The aim of this study was to determine the level of antibodies against hemagglutinin of influenza viruses in the sera of people in the seven age groups in the epidemic season 2018/2019 in Poland. The level of anti-hemagglutinin antibodies was determined by hemagglutination inhibition test (HAI). 1050 clinical samples from all over the country were tested. The level of antibodies against influenza viruses was highest in the 10–14 age group for A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2) and B/Phuket/3073/2013 Yamagata lineage antigens. These results confirm the circulation of four antigenically different influenza virus strains, two subtypes of influenza A virus – A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09 and A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2) and two lineages of influenza B virus – B/Colorado/06/2017 – Victoria lineage and B/Phuket/3073/2013 Yamagata lineage.

scholarly journals Detection of respiratory viruses in cases of porcine respiratory disease in nurseries.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Martín-Valls ◽  
Yanli Li ◽  
Ivan Díaz ◽  
Esmeralda Cano ◽  
Silvana Sosa Portugal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Porcine Circoviruses ◽  
The One ◽  
Respiratory Coronavirus ◽  
Porcine Respiratory

Respiratory disease in weaned pigs is a common problem in the field, with a complex aetiology of both viruses and bacteria. In the present study, we investigated the presence of eleven viruses in nasal swabs collected from nurseries (fifty-five clinical outbreaks) under the suspicion of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) by cough and fever. The other ten viruses included influenza B (IBV) and influenza D viruses (IDV), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), porcine circoviruses 2 (PCV2), 3 (PCV3) and 4 (PCV), Porcine parainfluenza 1 virus (PPIV1) and Swine orthopneumovirus (SOV). Twenty-nine swIAV-positive cases and twenty-six cases of swIAV-negative respiratory disease were primarily established. IBV, IBD, PCV4 and PPIV1 were not found in any case, while PRCV, SOV, and PCMV were more likely to be found in swIAV-positive nurseries with respiratory disease ( p<0.05) although, globally, PCV3, PRRSV, and PCMV were the most frequently detected agents on herd level. At an individual level, the prevalence of different viruses was: swIAV 48.6%; PRCV 48.0%; PRRSV 31.6%; SOV 33.8%; PCMV 48.3%, PCV2 36.0%; and PCV3 33.0%. Beyond that, it was common to find animals with low Ct values (< 30) for all agents except for PCV2 and PCV3. When analysed the association between different pathogens, PRCV was the one with the most associations. It positively interacted ( p < 0.05) with swIAV and SOV but was negatively associated ( p < 0.05) with PRRSV and PCVM. Besides these, swIAV and PRRSV were negatively related (p < 0.05). Further analysis of suckling pigs showed that circulation of PRCV, PCMV, SOV, and PCV3 started in the maternities, suggesting a role of the sows in the transmission. Overall, our data may contribute to a better understanding of the complex aetiology and the epidemiology of respiratory disease in weaners. This is the first report of SOV in Spain.

scholarly journals INTERFERENCE BETWEEN THE INFLUENZA VIRUSES

1944 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Ziegler ◽  
Frank L. Horsfall
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Virus System

Reciprocal interference between influenza A, influenza B, and swine influenza viruses has been demonstrated in the chick embryo. Certain temporal and quantitative factors which influence the production of interference in this host-virus system have been studied. The implications of these observations in relation to the mechanism by which interference is produced are discussed.

scholarly journals Elastase-Dependent Live Attenuated Swine Influenza A Viruses Are Immunogenic and Confer Protection against Swine Influenza A Virus Infection in Pigs

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (19) ◽  
pp. 10198-10210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Masic ◽  
Jayaum S. Booth ◽  
George K. Mutwiri ◽  
Lorne A. Babiuk ◽  
Yan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Siv Infection

ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses cause significant morbidity in swine, resulting in a substantial economic burden. Swine influenza virus (SIV) infection also poses important human public health concerns. Vaccination is the primary method for the prevention of influenza virus infection. Previously, we generated two elastase-dependent mutant SIVs derived from A/Sw/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1): A/Sw/Sk-R345V (R345V) and A/Sw/Sk-R345A (R345A). These two viruses are highly attenuated in pigs, making them good candidates for a live-virus vaccine. In this study, the immunogenicity and the ability of these candidates to protect against SIV infection were evaluated in pigs. We report that intratracheally administrated R345V and R345A induced antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity characterized by increased production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies in the serum and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, high hemagglutination inhibition titers in serum, an enhanced level of lymphocyte proliferation, and higher numbers of gamma interferon-secreting cells at the site of infection. Based on the immunogenicity results, the R345V virus was further tested in a protection trial in which pigs were vaccinated twice with R345V and then challenged with homologous A/Sw/Saskatchewan/18789/02, H1N1 antigenic variant A/Sw/Indiana/1726/88 or heterologous subtypic H3N2 A/Sw/Texas/4199-2/9/98. Our data showed that two vaccinations with R345V provided pigs with complete protection from homologous H1N1 SIV infection and partial protection from heterologous subtypic H3N2 SIV infection. This protection was characterized by significantly reduced macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions, lower virus titers from the respiratory tract, and lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, elastase-dependent SIV mutants can be used as live-virus vaccines against swine influenza in pigs.

scholarly journals ONE-STEP GROWTH CURVES OF VARIOUS STRAINS OF INFLUENZA A AND B VIRUSES AND THEIR INHIBITION BY INACTIVATED VIRUS OF THE HOMOLOGOUS TYPE

1949 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Henle ◽  
Evelyn B. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Virus Growth ◽  
One Step ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Step Growth

One-step growth curves of five strains of influenza A, one strain of swine influenza, and three strains of influenza B virus have been analyzed. The influenza A and swine influenza strains showed constant periods of 5 to 6 hours before newly formed virus was liberated from the infected cells, whereas 8 to 10 hours elapsed in the case of the influenza B strains. The yield of virus in the allantoic fluids, i.e. the number of ID50 released for every ID50 of seed virus adsorbed, was consistently higher in the case of the influenza A and swine influenza strains than in that of the influenza B viruses. Interruption of the cycle by injection of inactivated virus subsequent to infection can be achieved by any of the strains of the homologous type. However, cross-tests between influenza A and swine influenza virus led only to partial inhibition of virus growth.

scholarly journals Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to influenza A and B and parainfluenza type 1 in sera of patients

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 648-656
Author(s):  
F R Bishai ◽  
R Galli
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Influenza B

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies to influenza A/Hong Kong/1/68, influenza A/Victoria/3/75, influenza B/Hong Kong/5/72, and parainfluenza type 1 viruses. Development and standardization of the method indicated that an acetone-ethyl alcohol mixture was a suitable fixative for the preparation of the solid-phase coupled antigen. The addition of sodium azide to the enzyme-conjugated solution and the concentrations of the enzyme-conjugate antiglobulin and test sera employed were all critical factors in the success of the ELISA procedure. The ELISA test was specific; there was no cross-reaction between influenza A and B or parainfluenza type 1 viruses. The concordance between ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition results suggested that both tests probably detected the same type of antibodies. The ELISA procedure was 8 to 64 times more sensitive than complement fixation and/or hemagglutination inhibition tests. Low levels of antibody in patients' sera were detected only by the ELISA test. During the course of the testing period false positive reactions were not encountered. The results of ELISA could be obtained within 3 h. The ELISA test required a very small amount of serum and, therefore, offered an opportunity to detect the presence of maternal antibodies to influenza viruses in blood collected from infants by heel prick.

scholarly journals Comparison of Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of Influenza B and D Viruses in Pigs

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhwa Lee ◽  
Liping Wang ◽  
Rachel Palinski ◽  
Tim Walsh ◽  
Dongchang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Influenza C Virus ◽  
Limited Host Range

Influenza viruses are important pathogens causing respiratory disease in humans and animals. In contrast to influenza A virus (IAV) that can infect a wide range of animal species, other influenza viruses, including influenza B virus (IBV), influenza C virus (ICV), and influenza D virus (IDV) have a limited host range. Swine can be infected with all four different genera of influenza viruses. IAV infection of pigs causes the well-known swine influenza that poses significant threats to human and animal health. However, influenza virus infection of pigs with IBV, ICV, and IDV are not well-characterized. Herein, we compared pathogenicity of IBV and IDV using intratracheal and intranasal infection of pigs, which are IAV seropositive, and commingled naïve pigs with the infected animals to determine their transmissibility. Both viruses caused fever and some lung lesions, replicated in the lungs of infected pigs, but only IDV transmitted to the contact animals. Although IBV and IDV displayed differing levels of replication in the respiratory tract of infected pigs, no significant differences in pathogenicity of both viruses were observed. These results indicate that both IBV and IDV can replicate, and are pathogenic in pigs.

scholarly journals Development of Lentiviral Vectors Pseudotyped With Influenza B Hemagglutinins: Application in Vaccine Immunogenicity, mAb Potency, and Sero-Surveillance Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Ferrara ◽  
Joanne Marie M. Del Rosario ◽  
Kelly A. S. da Costa ◽  
Rebecca Kinsley ◽  
Simon Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Virus Production ◽  
Lentiviral Vectors ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Hemolysis Assay ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Vaccine Immunogenicity

Influenza B viruses (IBV) cause respiratory disease epidemics in humans and are therefore components of seasonal influenza vaccines. Serological methods are employed to evaluate vaccine immunogenicity prior to licensure. However, classical methods to assess influenza vaccine immunogenicity such as the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI) and the serial radial hemolysis assay (SRH), have been proven to have many limitations. As such, there is a need to develop innovative methods that can improve on these traditional assays and provide advantages such as ease of production and access, safety, reproducibility, and specificity. It has been previously demonstrated that the use of replication-defective viruses, such as lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with influenza A hemagglutinins in microneutralization assays (pMN) is a safe and sensitive alternative to study antibody responses elicited by natural influenza infection or vaccination. Consequently, we have produced Influenza B hemagglutinin-pseudotypes (IBV PV) using plasmid-directed transfection. To activate influenza B hemagglutinin, we have explored the use of proteases in increasing PV titers via their co-transfection during pseudotype virus production. When tested for their ability to transduce target cells, the influenza B pseudotypes produced exhibit tropism for different cell lines. The pseudotypes were evaluated as alternatives to live virus in microneutralization assays using reference sera standards, mouse and human sera collected during vaccine immunogenicity studies, surveillance sera from seals, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against IBV. The influenza B pseudotype pMN was found to effectively detect neutralizing and cross-reactive responses in all assays and shows promise as an effective and versatile tool in influenza research.

scholarly journals MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO HEMAGGLUTININ OF INFLUENZA B VIRUSES VICTORIA EVOLUTIONARY LINEAGE

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 275-280
Author(s):  
E. V. Sorokin ◽  
T. R. Tsareva ◽  
A. I. Zheltukhina
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Antigenic Analysis ◽  
Epidemic Season ◽  
Evolutionary Lineage

Co-circulation of two evolutionary distinct lineages of influenza virus in one epidemic season has led to development specific reagents for rapid identification and typing of new isolates. Panel of MAbs to hemagglutinin of influenza virus B/Brisbane/46/15 belonging to Victoria evolutionary lineage was developed. All MAbs reacted in ELISA with B/Victoria-like strains only. There were no interactions with heterologous influenza viruses of B/Yamagata lineage, seasonal and potentially pandemic influenza A viruses. All MAbs reacted in hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization. MAbs interacted in hemagglutination inhibition only with B/Victoria-like viruses, but did not interacted B/Yamagata-like strains. Neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition studies of viruses isolated before 1983 with MAbs revealed that MAbs 6E11, 9G5, 9B5 and 6A4 had the ability to interact with the virus B/ Russia/69 which may evidence that B strains of early isolation period (before lineage separation) have common epitope with recent Victoria lineage viruses. MAbs 7C8, 7G9, 7H8 and 8D11 were directed to a conserved epitope (or epitopes) specific for influenza hemagglutinin viruses of B/Victoria group. The presence of differences in the effectiveness of the interaction of MAbs 6A9, 7G9 and 8A8 in hemagglutination inhibition test allows the identification and differentiation of strains isolated in chicken embryos and MDCK cell culture. Thus, the developed MAbs can be successfully used for identification and antigenic analysis of B/Victoria-like strains.

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